Learner-Center Educational Plan

With bounty of data in regards to instructing and learning, it may sensibly be normal that training arranging would be a snappy and simple procedure. Educators despite everything have an indispensable task to carry out inside arranging; the direction and structures gives data on what to instruct, the instructor will choose how best to decipher this data for the specific youngsters inside their group. Delegate et al (1995, p.39) talks about the prerequisite for arranging, and opens with the possibility that no arranging can occur without an unmistakable thought, with respect to the instructor, of what the kids in the class are going to learn.The arranging process requires the distinguishing proof of the learning goals in detail; in all actuality, meeting the standards of the educational program and even the more definite key destinations in the encouraging system will require a progression of exercises and normally an arrival to the subject sometime in the not too distant future. Arra nging over various time spans permits instructors to meet the ideal results and give a lucid progression.Long term plans will detail the desires inside an educational program territory over a scholarly year; these plans will recognize topics to be utilized and the branches of knowledge to be secured they will be communicated regarding the key ideas that kids should comprehend and the information and aptitudes that they ought to procure. Medium term arranging will for the most part be for a unit of work †by and large one thing from the program of study †and spread a term or  ½ term. The medium term arranging stage is when educators are required to interface the drawn out designs to the educational plan key goals. The medium term plans will layout a progression of exercises and the methodology that will be taken; these plans are the main level at which the educating/learning approach is thought of and the techniques and measure for appraisal are chosen. (Platz 1994)There i s have to consider the diverse learning styles that youngsters like and to incorporate (similarly as is down to earth) these various styles inside each educating scene. Instruction arranging, is a mind boggling region, not all training strategies are proper to the topic; we as instructors need to recall that a mixed methodology is fundamental on the off chance that we are to give a satisfactory learning experience to the entirety of the students inside our homerooms. Furthermore, new worldview of student focused instruction rose recently.It infers issues of what and how the understudy is learning, the conditions under which the understudy is realizing, how current learning positions the understudy for future learning, and whether the understudy is holding and applying the learning. (Weimer, 2002 XVI). In this paper we will attempt to conceal a subjective part of student focus instruction arranging. Intellectual part of student focused instruction includes some after elements. The se are the nature and objectives of learning process, the development of information and higher-request thinking.In request to recognize kids' individual adapting needs the instructor ought to watch the youngsters and their work. Real data can be gotten from past instructors, schools and so forth. The Standard Assessment Tasks (SATs) give fundamental data about the degree of fulfillment a kid has reached and may conceivably show levels of movement after some time. As per Proctor et al (1995 p.129) appraisal gives an exact image of an individual kid's achievements.It estimates a kid's accomplishments from that kid's own pattern and as it is non-similar to other youngsters it shows what a kid can accomplish paying little mind to what other's can do. Individual Educational Plans (IEPs) show proof of any unique needs, which might be physical, for example, poor sight and hearing and any learning challenges. It will likewise distinguish youngsters who have conduct issues or especially cap able and skilled children.IEPs will likewise show any procedures and encouraging methodologies used to address these kids' issues. It can likewise feature a specific assets that encourage the kids' learning. A past instructor can give important data on how these procedures and assets were utilized and the achievement or disappointment of them. It is imperative to remember while talking about kids with different educators that their perspectives and suppositions are probably not going to be fair. Discussions with guardians/carers permit them to raise any issues they have about their understandings of their kids' needs and progress in learning. It can likewise be valuable to see youngsters' ages to increase a superior comprehension of the level they are working at.Once this fundamental data has been gathered the educator can design indicative work, which will additionally recognize kids' capacities and requirements. Instructors should design expansive subject work at an assortment of levels where kids have a sensible chance of achievement and which gives a few difficulties. The educator's earlier information on the youngsters should empower him/her to pitch the work at the right levels. If not, the evaluation of the youngsters' troubles or simplicity will give pieces of information with respect to how to adjust it. Starting here onwards the educator ought to have a genuinely rational thought of the necessities of the class in general and the individual kids inside it. (Hamilton 1999)When wanting to meet kids' individual needs, an instructor is making arrangements for comprehensive training, which furnishes all kids with an equivalent chance to come to their potential.â While arranging, educators must set up a learning action, which viably accomplishes the learning results for every individual youngster. Instructors must structure learning inside their study halls so as to push every youngster ahead, this can incorporate separating properly, utilizing fitting a ssets and executing different instructing and learning methodologies comprehensive of all children.Teaching Strategies Education arranging will utilize an assortment of techniques portrayed by Minton (1997, p.117). It is suitable to utilize ‘lecture' to start the meeting to disclose what is to be secured, to discover how the understudies have discovered the work in the past meeting so there will be some ‘questions and answers'. There will be a ‘group conversation' as we experience the task and this will offer the understudies the chance to pose any inquiries and acquaint themselves with the work. A ‘question and answer' meeting will follow and afterward contingent upon the result, there be the open door for ‘demonstrations'. These procedures are laid out below.â §  Question and answer to audit work from last lessonâ §  Lecture to clarify unit assessmentâ §  Group conversation while rules for evaluation are discussedâ §  More question and rep lies as appropriateâ §  Demonstration of past pragmatic work if necessaryUsing Q and A to begin the exercise as this gives a prompt input of progress. The disservice of this is the ‘quiet' understudies might be hesitant to pose inquiries, There is should know about this, and maybe ask those understudies inquiries that they can reply to develop their certainty. A talk technique is then used to clarify the unit task, as this is a viable strategy for broadcasting the data. At that point a gathering conversation will include educator and understudies examining models, this permits everybody to pose inquiries and offer thoughts yet it might permit ‘loud’ understudies to command the gathering. Certain opportunity to show commonsense work to the understudies on the PC permits the understudy to perceive what the last item ought to be of a specific exercise and gives them trust in their own work.Learning Resources For IT classes, for instance, an assortment of assets ar e utilized in the secondary school. The most well-known ones utilized in the IT office are PC based assets, OHT's and PC produced slides, and pieces of literature. The most widely recognized sorts of media asset are the PC/projector mix and written words, to go with whiteboard work. In the IT division it is important that understudies have singular access to PCs with significant programming introduced on them, and furthermore access to a printer to empower them to get printed versions of work produced.There is requirement for a space to situate all understudies, we needn't bother with PCs for every understudy for this situation, we need them all to see a whiteboard so we can clarify the point we will flexibly unit assignments in printed copy to each understudy, including the stamping measures and the mediator's remarks. It is turning out to be normal practice to compose all types of work on the PC, and we would anticipate that them should word process their work at whatever point th e office is available.There is have to assess the gathering of understudies toward the start of a course to decide whether any had unique prerequisites, for instance crippled access or if any had hearing or visual disabilities. It is important to create intranet to incorporate investigation helps for the understudies. For instance, to put past talk notes and down to earth practice gifts on the intranet to empower understudies to go over past work and furthermore permit missing understudies the chance to get up.Arrangement of the work areas in the study hall is a typical horseshoe of PC workstations with few tables in the focal point of the room. The focal tables can be moved openly in spite of the fact that this is a reasonable situation for the homeroom conversation. The PC workstations will be utilized towards the finish of the exercise. The white board is at the entryway end of the room, it is another shrewd board, and despite the fact that is littler, it very well may be seen fr om all situations in the room, if the understudies move their seats round. This will be utilized for exhibits of PC work and is accessible for the inquiry and answer segment. The acoustics are satisfactory for an instructing domain. The room is in every case light and warm enough, and windows can be opened to give extra ventilation.Goals of learning process all things considered, training arranging objectives are following:Timing · Allow enough an ideal opportunity for ea

Barnes & Noble - Inc. Versus Borders Group - Inc.

Question: Depict about the Report for Barnes Noble, Inc. Versus Borders Group, Inc. Answer: Presentation Ceaseless mechanical development is quickly overwhelming the retail data the executives that has been set up for a considerable length of time. All encompassing data frameworks that can be utilized for the board and retail simultaneously are fundamental for the accomplishment of a business. Organizations that make and execute vital plans on data frameworks (IS) at the ideal time have higher odds of improving and standing apart in the midst of difficulties while the others fall flat. This paper depicts two associations in the book retail industry. Barnes Noble is a case of an association that prevailing with regards to increasing upper hand by means of IT. Then again, Borders Group is a case of an association that was ineffective in upgrading its upper hand through IT/IS. Barnes Noble, Inc. - Successful Example Barnes Noble, Inc. is one of the biggest book retailers in the United States. It is a Fortune 500 organization, recently positioned at position 423. Likewise, the association is a main advanced media content and instructive items retailer all through the nation. As per Fortune 500 (2016), the organization has 649 stores in all States inside America and has 37,000 workers. After a progression of liquidations and converges of firms in the American book shop industry over the most recent two decades, Barnes Noble despite everything remains as the staying national book shops. Barnes Noble was established in 1886 under the name Arthur Hinds Company. The name was changed in 1894 to Hinds Noble when Gilbert Clifford Noble turned into an accomplice. In 1917, Noble purchased Hinds and banded together with William Barnes, after which they named the organization Barnes Noble (Barnes Noble Inc, 2013). The organization has been changing to remember data innovation for its exercises so as to stay with the at the highest point of the business. As of now, the organization is notable for NOOK, a suite for digital book perusers it created. The Nook is in rivalry with Kobo eReader, Amazon Kindle just as other tablets, for example, iBooks that are utilized in iOS gadgets. The present variant of the NOOK is client inviting in light of the fact that it has Wi-Fi network, Sudoku games, a word reference and chess in addition to other things (Rosen, 2015). Barnes Noble has done this and considerably more to pick up and keep up an upper hand that its rivals couldn't adapt up to. Achievement Factors The achievement of this association has been because of the systems that have been set up to grasp Information Technology (IT) as the world advances in innovation. Other than the physical stores the organization has built up everywhere throughout the nation, IT has empowered it to increase an expansive online nearness. Diverse inward and outer variables have empowered the organization to upgrade its upper hand as showed in the subsections beneath. Inside Factors that impacted Barnes Nobles Success Throughout the years, the organization grasped changes that went ahead the way. For example, in 1931, the organization opened a distributing division and started opening stores in different States. In 1970s, the organization was under a decent administration of Leonard Riggio, who rolled out extraordinary improvements to resuscitate it after around two years of fumble. So as to grasp IT in its promoting procedures, Barnes and Nobles was the primary book shop to make adverts on TV in 1974 (Barnes Noble Inc, 2016). Notwithstanding the TV ads, the organization began selling books on 40 percent limits inasmuch as the title positioned the smash hit in The New York Times paper. Under its great administration, the organization bought Dalton stores in 1986. By 1999, the organization turned into the second-biggest book shop online in the United States. Organization pundits asserted that the organization prompted a decrease of the other neighborhood book shops (Barnes Noble Founder, 2016). As a transition to coordinate more IT to its previously existing mail-request lists, the organization made a site, where it started selling books online by 1980s. The site was propelled in 1997. Right now, the site conveys more than 2.3 million titles. On October 2007, the organization propelled an online scholarly style webpage by the name Barnes Noble Review. It highlighted segments, book audits and meetings from various writers and pundits. The site likewise gave expositions to music pundits, for example, Robert Christgau. The organization additionally ran Gameshop retail outlets, somewhere in the range of 1999 and 2004, where computer games were sold. More IT was consolidated into the organization as mechanical progressions proceeded. In 2010, William Lynch, who was the Website president, turned into the Companys CEO. As the Companys generally chief, he made the organization grasp Information frameworks to a greatest. During his time there, the organization propelled the electronic book shop. Later on, the Nook, an electronic book peruser was presented. It was under his administration that the organization got well known for its computerized books. Lynch surrendered in 2013. Outer Factors that Influenced Success A few outer elements affected the accomplishment of Barnes Nobles. Somewhere in the range of 1965 and 1990s book industry was developing at a high rate however organizations in the business were hesitant to snatch the chance. During a similar time, revelation of PCs prompted advancement of data frameworks for various ventures. In the retail business, organizations like Barnes Noble got the chance to assemble client inputs with the goal that they could make enhancements for higher consumer loyalty. Utilizing the data frameworks, that were accessible around then, the organization gathered information on advertise so as to figure out what the clients required. It was after this that the organization opened little rebate stores that were later supplanted by the bigger stores. What's more, the information gathered showed that more deals would be made if the organization distributed its own books. The began distributing its books. Later on, so as to raise consumer loyalty, the organization began selling the books they distributed to mail-request clients. It was right now that the organization saw the advantages of grasping IT. Books that were sold in mail-request inventories were moderate reissues that empowered the association to arrive at new clients everywhere throughout the nation (Barnes Noble Inc, 2016). Before the finish of 1974, Barnes and Nobles Fifth Avenue store had surpassed Londons Foyles bookshop, making it the greatest book shop around the world. In 2011, the conclusion and insolvency of contender, Border Group, left Barnes Noble the main staying national book shop in the U.S. A progression of liquidations and mergers in the American book industry followed. Waldenbooks, Crown Books and B.Dalton, among others were shut down. That pattern extended Barnes Noble's market and caused it to prevail during those extreme occasions. The current greatest physical Barnes Noble's book shop rival is Books-A-Million, an organization that doesn't work in the West of U.S. Different organizations that right now rival Barnes Noble incorporate general retailers, for example, Amazon.com, free and local book retailers (Townsend, 2013). In spite of the fact that the organization imparts the little market to all the more mechanically up and coming associations, the organization has consistently grasped IT/IS to upgrade its upper hand. SWOT Analysis Qualities The firm is settled and has a market capitalization of more than $ 2 billion. Its selling of DVDs, CDs, magazines, digital books and books makes it a one-stop outlet for media. It is among Fortune 500 organizations. The firm uses a few channels to disseminate items on the web and stores. It additionally has a solid budgetary position (Barnes Noble, Inc., 2013). Shortcomings Most stores are inside U.S. implying that the market is restricted. Openings Online business is developing. The firm should utilize web to cover a bigger region than the U.S. showcase. The spending of customers is likewise expanding. The organization can dominate and mutually adventure on the little critical firms that have best brands. Dangers Firms, for example, Amazon, and open libraries are a danger to this firm. Online rivalry and book shop retails are expanding. Books are subbed by digital books at a high rate (Barnes Noble, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2013) Outskirts Group-Unsuccessful Example Outskirts Group is a genuine case of an organization that fizzled in light of the fact that it didn't completely join data innovation or data frameworks as its rival was doing as such. Outskirts Group, a worldwide book retailer was established in the year 1971 by two siblings and Michigan graduates, Tom and Louis Borders. The two set up the association when they neglected to intrigue book retailers that were at that point in the business, in their stock and deals following framework (PR, 2015). Their Information framework could anticipate request in specific networks. The disappointment of different book shops to be intrigued with their development provoked them to begin a firm, Border Group. The organization had a decent beginning since it depended on an IT thought that no other book shop was keen on. Inward Factors that Influenced Borders Failure Fringes was no other book retailer that involved a huge retail territory. The people who began it were additionally the supervisors that saw its prosperity quite a long while that followed. In the initial two decades, the workers were given to the activity that they did. They had pride on the information on the areas that they were doled out. To clients, the store had changed into a library and a shelter, where they would get in and were lost (Grossman, 2016). All these changed when the Borders was obtained by Kmart and the administration changed. In 1992, Kmart procured Borders Group. The firm, Kmart, had additionally procured Waldenbooks in 1984. Waldenbooks was a shopping center based book chain. Kmart had been battling with book division since the time it obtained Waldenbooks. One factor that prompted the disappointment of Borders Group was change of the board and blending a zone of battle. Kmart blended Wald

These Transferable Skills Will Help You Earn a Higher Salary When Switching Jobs

These Transferable Skills Will Help You Earn a Higher Salary When Switching Jobs There are times when we wish we be more competent across multiple fields. If it were possible, this would definitely make life so much easier. Here’s the good news: we may not be born with the natural ability to accomplish tasks from multiple industries, but we can most definitely learn how to do exactly that. All we need to do is to acquire portable skills, or what some people refer to as transferable skills. In this article, you will learn about 1) what transferable skills are, why they are important, and how to acquire those skills, 2) the most valuable transferable skills you need to acquire in order to earn a higher salary when switching jobs, and 3) how to present transferable skills on your CV.WHAT ARE TRANSFERABLE SKILLS?Transferable skills are those abilities or skills that are relevant, useful and helpful across different disciplines, areas or fields. These are skills that can be used in one’s professional life and personal life, in social circles, educational groups, and other circles that the individual belongs to.In a more formal definition, these are the skills that are “central to occupational competence in all sectors and at all levels, and include project management, leadership, communication, working in teams, and problem solving”. They are called transferrable skills because they can be transferred from one setting to another.The topic on transferable skills become s most relevant when it comes to looking for a job, or making a major career decision (such as a career change) and assessing one’s credentials. Human resource managers, headhunters and employers have a specific set of qualifications that they are looking for in candidates, and many of these pertain to the applicants’ transferable skills.Take a look at this scenario. There are two people who are up for a single job vacancy. Candidate A seems to be the one with the advantage, since she graduated with honors from a more prestigious university, while Candidate B came from a little-known university. However, when the results came out, Candidate B ends up hired for the job because of the manner in which she presented her competencies.This is just an example, but this scenario has played out several times, where other, seemingly more qualified (on paper) candidates were passed over in favor of those who have lower qualifications. The most likely difference may have been due to transfe rable skills. Candidate B may have been able to demonstrate that the portable skills she possesses make her more suitable for the job than Candidate A.Importance of Transferable SkillsTransferable skills increase one’s “employability”. They are seen by many employers as a “plus” or “extra” to the qualifications that are required for the job that will be filled. Therefore, candidates who have transferable skills relevant to the job are viewed more favorably by employers.Transferable skills ensure an individual’s professional resilience and career longevity. Changes and transitions tend to be handled more easily if the individual has the skills necessary to easily adapt to change.Identifying Transferable SkillsIt would be a good idea to sit down and think deeply about this. It is easy to list down all the transferable skills you can think of, but you have to be honest and objective about it, because some of them may not really apply to you.When identifying the transfer able skills that you possess, ask yourself these four questions first:What value can you offer to the company and, specifically, to the job that you are eyeing?Will your educational or academic qualifications be enough to enable you to take on the role and the responsibilities attached to it?How socially engaged are you and what potential connections can you bring with you and offer to the company?How well can you perform, in such a way that you will deliver what is required and, contribute to the enhancement and progress of the company?The questions above will cover the issues on value, intellect, social engagement and performance. But you should also go beyond that. Ask yourself what you are passionate about, particularly in a career context. What is important to you, personally and professionally, and do they relate to each other? What are your strengths and weaknesses? What points are you proud of, and what are those that you want to change, or improve on?By answering these ques tions, you will be able to slowly but surely uncover your transferable skills.Acquiring Transferable SkillsAs more and more employers are putting more weight to candidates’ transferable skills, looking at these skills as points for their employability, efforts at acquiring and developing them are also growing.Unfortunately, we are not born with fully developed transferable skills. Some of these skills may be innate within us, but we have to hone them first to make them actually useful. Here are some of the factors that affect the development of transferrable skills.Culture and upbringing. A child’s environment while growing up is instrumental in the development of his transferable skills. Exposure to various situations and circumstances will aid an individual in acquiring skills, such as communication skills, creativity, organizational skills, personal development, motivation, and analytical skills.Some transferable skills are also imbibed through formal and informal education. Numeracy skills, for example, are learned starting from when a child first goes to school and encountered arithmetic and math. Information technology know-how is also learned from computer classes and lessons. Written communication skills are also honed at school. In some educational institutions, they incorporate arts, humanities and topics on corporate skills, since they acknowledge that these can be transferred to the workplace.Previous jobs. People who have had prior experience in other jobs are often presumed to be more skilled, since they are expected to have faced situations that enabled them to hone these skills while they were in their previous jobs.Hobbies and interests. Sometimes, you can learn a lot from your hobbies. If something interests you, even if it is outside your work expertise, you will be more inclined to learn more about it. In the process, you may be acquiring skills that you can use in other areas of your life.Personal life experiences. Home life, personal relationships, major turning points and life decisions are bound to teach you a thing or two. Although you might not know it, they will also let you develop a skill in the process. There is truth to what some people say, about life being a “continuous learning experience”.12 TRANSFERABLE SKILLS THAT  HELP YOU EARN MORE WHEN SWITCHING JOBSHere are some good news: all of us are born with at least one or two transferable skills. We just have to develop and hone it as we go through the various stages of life, such as growing up, interacting with family and friends, going to school, and entering the workforce. For example, we are all born with the ability to communicate with other people. We are all born with the natural ability to socialize, albeit to varying degrees.When it comes to one’s professional life or career path, there are certain transferable skills that a person needs in order to be able to go up the ladder and be recognized.1. Leadership skillsEmployers are more attra cted to candidates who can demonstrate that they have initiative and the potential to lead. Some of these skills include delegation, taking responsibility, motivating others and the ability to build rapport with other employees, especially the ones that you directly work with.You do not have to be applying for a managerial or executive position to have leadership skills. Employers are more forward-looking than you think, so they will look at your potential as you stay longer with the organization and rise up through the ranks, until such time that your career path takes you to a higher, supervisory position.2. Ability to work with a teamTeamwork is very important in all organizational structures. Therefore, you should show that you are able to work effectively as part of a team or a group. It is a given that entering an organization means working with other people. If you can fit right in, you’d be able to contribute better in the achievement of the organization’s goals.3. Inter personal SkillsThese are also referred to as “people skills”. Your ability for social engagement will definitely work to your advantage. If you have coaching skills, delegation skills, and you can influence others, then you will be viewed as someone with the potential to lead and manage in the future.Read this super interesting presentation on effective interpersonal communication skills.[slideshare id=572591doc=interpersonal-communication-skills-1219903500375587-8w=640h=330]4. Personal Organization and Development SkillsMany things can be inferred just by looking at how organized one’s work is. Your ability to organize, structure and arrange your resources and tasks, from the beginning to end, will put you in very favorable light. This implies that you have your priorities straight, and you have a clear idea on how to go about performing your tasks towards the end goal or objective.5. Administration and Time Management SkillsThis is especially essential in jobs that are bound by deadlines. If you can show that you have excellent time management skills, your bosses will have more confidence that you will not incur any delays and will be able to meet deadlines as they fall due.6. Personal Motivational SkillsYou may have the ability to influence others and motivate them into action, but can you motivate yourself? How do you personally cope when things get rough, both in your personal and professional life? Stress is a constant companion, especially when one is working, but how do you manage it?Your stress management and coping mechanisms will show your potential bosses how well you will be able to handle the workload that will be foisted off on you. It will also be an indicator of your ability to complete your work on time, without compromising quality.7. Communication SkillsThis covers one’s listening, verbal, and writing skills.Listening skills: This is an often overlooked skill by many, but even the most successful businessmen cite it as one of the mo st important skills that individuals must have in order to succeed in business or in the workplace. Part of being observant is being able to not just hear, but to really listen. This means the information heard must be assimilated, processed and understood. Not listening well can lead to misinterpretations, which will then lead to mistakes and errors that could become potentially costly and damaging.Verbal communication skills: The best way to get your message across is to talk about it. If you do not speak up, you will not be able to convey your message and, as a result, not get the result that you want or need. This covers how you address other people and how you talk to them in different circumstances or situations. Depending on the nature of the job, you might be required to speak with groups of people at one time, perform presentations, or be more personal and communicate on a one-on-one basis. If you could pull these off easily, then you have above average verbal communication skills.Written communication skills: Employers also place a lot of value on how job candidates are able to write. There are many aspects looked at, aside from the technical writing skills. They will also zero in on one’s writing style â€" if it fits the job requirement â€" and the content. The best way to demonstrate this is to provide samples of written work.8. Problem SolvingThis is one of the skills that employers try their best to spot among candidates. Troubleshooting and coming up with viable solutions for problems is definitely a skill that requires a person to think outside the box and to look at an issue from different perspectives or angles.9. Research and Critical ThinkingThere are jobs that require a certain degree of research, interpretation, analysis and evaluation. Being able to do research or information-gathering is also a skill that is seen as very valuable, especially in this day and age where almost everything is anchored on the power of information, and how i t is obtained, managed, and used.These skills are good indicators of one’s potential when it comes to problem solving and becoming a leader in the future.10. Numeracy SkillsThere was a time when people were of the belief that you only need to have math and numeracy skills if you are going to work in finance, or in fields that work mainly with numbers and figures. That is no longer the case, since almost all industries involve numbers, which means that you should be able to have even the most basic numeracy skills in order to get by.11. Information Technology Know-HowAlmost all jobs these days involve the use of computers, software and applications. That is why having basic knowledge on information technology is almost always a minimum requirement in all job ads.12. Technical SkillsYou also get plus points if you are able to work with specific machines or equipment.There are certainly a lot more transferable skills that you can include in your personal checklist, but the ones menti oned above are some of the most common ones that employers are looking for.If you are applying for a job or want to shift to another career path, it would be a good idea to look at the job description and try to see if they have a checklist of skills that they are specifically looking for.PRESENTING TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ON YOUR CV OR RESUMEIt is one thing to know that you possess this or that transferable skill; it is another thing to convince potential employers and bosses that you do have them. One of the most obvious steps is to indicate them on your resume or curriculum vitae (CV). But how should you present them? Here are some points to remember:Identify the transferable skills that the employer is looking for. This will help you design your CV better, so you can make it more attractive to anyone who sees it. Read the job advertisements and postings thoroughly. You can also make inquiries, just in case you are missing something or find something difficult to understand.Indicate only the transferable skills that relate to the position you are applying for. You may be tempted to list down all your transferable skills, thinking that the bigger the number, the better. Keep in mind that most employers look for quality over quantity. They may not be impressed with you having a long list of transferable skills when they are not going to be useful for the specific job or task that you are supposed to perform. For example, if you are applying for a sales or retail position, saying that you have technical knowledge in information technology may not make too much of an impact.Although there is no standard CV format, you can try to change it so that your transferable skills are listed before your educational attainment or work experience. This way, the employers and human resource managers will spot them first.Highlight those skills that will emphasize your potential as part of the team or organization. This is what the employers will be looking at, after all. State e xamples if you have to, but do not drone on and on, because you just might bore the employers who are going over your CV.Provide examples, do not just enumerate. Do not let them just take your word for it. You have to be able to readily give examples that will add credence to your claims of possessing such transferable skills.

Racial Divides in the Last of the Mohicans - 1624 Words

Samantha Sandoval 7 February 2012 Racial Divides in The Last of the Mohicans Throughout James Fennimore Cooper’s novel The Last of the Mohicans a common theme of interracial friendship and love and the difficulty it takes to overcome such an obstacle, is shown strongly in the work. In the novel Cooper shows how the America people of European decent treat those that are native, by showing how negatively they treat the Native Americans. Chingachgook and Hawkeye have a friendship that is genuine and deep, bypassing the normal relationship between that of a white man and a Mohican Indian. Interracial love and romantic relationships are condemned in The Last of the Mohicans, for example when, Cora, the older daughter of Munro, is approached†¦show more content†¦Hawkeye and Chingachgook have â€Å"a stark, stripped human relationship of two men, deeper then the deeps of sex.† (Burt 1). Cooper shows just how deep of a friendship these two men can have looking past all of the racial boundaries that are in position from the surrounding society. Despite the way interracial relations between the civilized and the savage were looked down upon Hawkeye and Chingachgook’s relationship continues without any such interference. Cooper makes the relationship important especially in the times of need, during the battle scenes and while they complete acts that make it clear that Hawkeye and his group are the protagonists of the story. This is a strong and deep connection between the two men making a statement for the time period, in which the story is set in. The constant reoccurrence of Hawkeye and Chingachgook’s relationship as friends in the Cooper’s novel shows the power of this symbol. The two men constantly look out for one another’s well being, Chingachgook gives Hawkeye information and reassures him his â€Å"ear shall drink no lie.† (Cooper 32) simply because they are friends. As the book continues the two men and the bond that is between them is pr oven to be deeper then the expectation of the average American community of the time. Through their dangerous journey they stumble upon much conflict, yet instead of burdening their friendship, it only builds their relationship as friends. Without one anotherShow MoreRelatedThe Last Of The Mohicans1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last of the Mohicans Thesis This essay will consider why interracial love and friendships use to be important for the survival of some people, how it made conflict amongst people surrounded by one another , and what could have possibly happened if interracial relationships had not been desired. In the book , The Last of the Mohicans. SECTION HEADER The main thesis I wanted to focus on and the only one that caught my attention in this book would be Interracial love and friendships in The LastRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans : When Cultures Collide1254 Words   |  6 PagesRaymonde Cenatus Professor Galvin AML 2010 20 October 2015 The Last of the Mohicans: When Cultures Collide Racism and injustice and violence sweep our world, bringing a tragic harvest of heartache and death. – Billy Graham. In recent news there has been much turmoil between cultures and races. On any given evening news programs, one can see violence in Israel as Palestinians and Israelis fight over who deserves the promise land. In the United States, shootings between African American youthsRead MoreRacism From Cooper s Book The Last Of The Mohicans 1818 Words   |  8 Pages A reader of The Last of the Mohicans is able to notice the manifested racism in the book which is perpetuated through the cultural divide and racial stereotypes. Racism from Cooper’s book depicts itself in being one of the contemporary themes in the novel which offers derogatory and stereotypical concerns to people of various races. In a more stringent analysis, the racial stereotypic statements from the book drive racial and cultural tolerance along with the societal inequalities which are setRead MoreRepresentations of Native Americans in Disney Productions from Peter Pan to Pocahontas2838 Words   |  12 PagesNative Americans in mainstream film, the answer is predominantly no. Even when films such as Broken Arrow (Daves, 1950) seem to positively show the Native Americans, the representations are often problematic because they are still rooted in the â€Å"racial ideologies that reflect unexamined notions of Native American culture [albeit] on the part of the director [or] the part of North American society as a whole† (Raheja, 2013, P. XII). A common stereotype also used to represent the Native Americans

Coryphodon - Facts and Figures

Name: Coryphodon (Greek for peaked tooth); pronounced core-IFF-oh-don Habitat: Swamps of the northern hemisphere Historical Epoch: Early Eocene (55-50 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to seven feet long and half a ton, depending on species Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Squat body; quadrupedal posture; semiaquatic lifestyle; exceptionally small brain About Coryphodon A mere 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, the first giant mammals, the pantodonts, appeared on the planet--and among the biggest pantodonts was Coryphodon, the largest species of which only measured about seven feet long from head to tail and weighed half a ton, but still counted as the largest land animals of their day. (Its important to remember that mammals didnt suddenly spring into existence after the K/T Extinction; they existed alongside bigger dinosaurs for most of the Mesozoic Era, but in small, shrew-like form, cowering in the tops of trees or burrowing underground for shelter.) Coryphodon wasnt the first identified pantodont of North America, however; that honor belongs to the slightly smaller Barylambda. Coryphodon and its fellow pantodonts seem to have lived like modern hippopotami, spending a large part of their day in weed-choked swamps and uprooting plants with their powerful necks and heads. Possibly because efficient predators were in short supply during the early Eocene epoch, Coryphodon was a relatively slow, lumbering beast, equipped with an unusually small brain (only a handful of ounces compared to its 1,000-pound bulk) that beckons comparison with those of its sauropod and stegosaur predecessors. Still, this megafauna mammal managed to populate most of North America and Eurasia during its five million years on earth, making it a true success story of the early Cenozoic Era. Because it was so widespread, and left so many fossil specimens, Coryphodon is known by a bewildering array of species and outmoded genus names. Within the last century, it has been synonymized with the would-be pantodonts Bathmodon, Ectacodon, Manteodon, Letalophodon, Loxolophodon and Metalophodon, and various species were described by the famous 19th-century American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel C. Marsh. Even after decades of pruning, there are over a dozen named Coryphodon species; there used to be as many as fifty!

Learning Objectives Free Essays

Unit 1 Learning Objectives for Course Content Topic: Reading/Listening Strategies 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning Reading and Listening strategies fall under and why. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relate reading and listening strategies to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. Explain what is meant by reading/listening being a â€Å"constructive process. † 4. Discuss how the three components of constructed meaning — author, reader, and text — influence the reading process. Be able to give examples of each. 5. Summarize the results of research conducted about speed-reading as discussed in your student-reading packet. . Identify the purposes of pre-, during- and post-reading strategies. Be able to give examples of strategies from each category. Topic: Note taking Strategies 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning note taking falls under and why. 2. Relate note-taking strategies to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. Explain the Cornell and SUNY methods of note taking. Discuss how using these methods of note taking help a student to be a more active learner. 4. Identify examples of pre-, during- and post-note taking str ategies. Also, explain the purpose of each of these categories of strategies. . Demonstrate awareness of which note taking strategies would be most appropriate given specific learning situations. 6. Describe the interaction between note taking and the components of the Model of Strategic Learning: skill, will, self-regulation and the academic environment. Topic: Attitude (ATT) 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning Attitude falls under and why. 2. Relate Attitude to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. Define and give an example of a â€Å"useful† goal. 4. Discuss how each element of a useful goal can influence a person’s motivation to achieve the goal. . Discuss and give examples of goal conflict and goal commitment. 6. Discuss and give examples of goal ownership. 7. Define and describe the difference between enabling goals, short-term goals and long-term goals. 8. How are wishes and dreams different from goals? 9. Discuss how values an d beliefs influence our goals. 10. Discuss and give examples of the three types of goal orientations. Topic: Model of Strategic Learning 1. List and discuss the four components of the Model of Strategic Learning, and give examples of each. Explain how each of these components can contribute to academic success. 2. List and explain the 4 pillars (characteristics) of strategic learners. 3. Discuss why one should strive to be both effective and efficient in learning. 4. Describe the purpose of the Model of Strategic Learning. 5. Discuss and give an example of how the Model of Strategic Learning is interactive 6. Explain which components of the Model of Strategic Learning are or are not generally under the learner’s direct control. Topic: Information Processing (INP) 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning Information Processing falls under and why. 2. Relate Information Processing to the pillars of being a strategic learner. . Discuss and give examples of how learning is an active process. 4. Discuss and give examples of the three categories of knowledge acquisition strategies: rehearsal, elaboration and organization. Be able to determine which category of strategies is best suited for a given situation. 5. Discuss how memory works according to the memory continuum. How can we make information meaningful and get it into long-term memory? 6. Explain the difference between fluency and flexibility in terms of knowledge acquisition strategies. How is being fluent and flexible important for strategic learning? . Discuss the difference between â€Å"working hard† and â€Å"working smart. † How do these terms relate to strategic learning? 8. Discuss how your goals are related to selecting information processing strategies. Topic: Self-testing (SFT) 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning Self-Testing falls under and why. 2. Relate Self-testing to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. Describe and give an example of the comprehension monitoring process loop. 4. Discuss what is meant by the term â€Å"triggering event† in relation to comprehension monitoring. 5. Explain the difference between unfamiliar information and unconfirmed expectations. 6. List and define the strategies used for dealing with unfamiliar information and unconfirmed expectations. 7. Discuss why the â€Å"illusion of knowing† can create problems for a student. Topic: Systematic Approach to Learning 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning the Systematic Approach falls under and why. 2. Relate the Systematic Approach to Learning to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. Name and discuss the 8 steps of the Systematic Approach to Learning. Give examples of each step and discuss why each step is important (i. . , what would the consequences be if any one step was omitted). 4. Discuss the difference between formative and summative evaluation. 5. Discuss what a strategic learner should do when he/she discovers a plan is not working. Topic: 5 Types of Knowledge 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning the 5 Types of Knowl edge falls under and why. 2. Relate the 5 Types of Knowledge to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. List, describe, and give an example of each of the Five Types of Knowledge. 4. Explain how each of the 5 Types of Knowledge can be useful when using the Systematic Approach. Topic: Motivation (MOT) 1. Identify which component of the Model of Strategic Learning Motivation falls under and why. 2. Relate Motivation to the pillars of being a strategic learner. 3. Describe and give an example of the two general categories of beliefs (self-sabotaging vs. enabling) one might experience and how these beliefs relate to motivation. 4. Describe and give an example of high and low self-efficacy. 5. List and discuss the three factors that influence self-efficacy and give examples of each. 6. List and discuss the factors that self-efficacy influences and give examples of each. 7. Discuss the difference between a) internal vs. external, and b) controllable vs. uncontrollable attributions. 8. Describe and give examples of the four types of attributions and how each relates to motivation. 9. Discuss how attributions interact with self-efficacy. What kinds of attributions are likely to lead to higher self-efficacy? 10. Discuss and give examples of how affect toward learning can enhance or interfere with the learning process. 11. Discuss the difference between internal and external motivation. 12. Describe and give an example of the difference between a student’s attitude and motivation. How to cite Learning Objectives, Essay examples

Business Strategy Module Tata Nano company

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategy Module Tata Nano company. Answer: Critically discuss the pros and cons encountered by Tata Nano company in the deployment of the cost leadership strategy. Cost leadership concept used in business strategy is developed by Michael Porter for establishing the competitive advantage, with a goal of providing product or services at lowest cost in the industry. Using the cost leadership strategy, Tata Nano uses the lowest cost of operation on the market which is also based on the company size, scale, efficiency and cumulative experiences. The car is mounted with a 624cc engine which provides 50 miles for a gallon of fuel. It is basically safe, affordable and all-weather transport. Ratan Tata using the cost leadership strategy accomplished his vision of introducing a small car within the range of $2500 (?1 lakh), as an affordable family car. It was a strong statement coming from an Innosighter. After all, we have been talking about the disruptive potential of the peoples car priced as low as $2,000 for years. The approach is indeed effective as it visions to capture the medium to small income-class people thereby offering a scope of acquiring luxury automobile (car) at affordable cost. With the adoption of this strategy, Tata Nano gained several advantages which include achieving high asset turnover. The company produced the cheapest car from the mother plant and manufactured the complete car by using FIAT, which is the best disruptive engine technology of the current time. Low direct and indirect operating cost is maintained by the company with measures like lowering the bargaining power of suppliers as 97% of the parts are sourced locally, and there are 20 companies for the supply of 70% of its components. In the initial stage, the company could make very little profit, as it could not meet the sales target and economy scale. This is reflective with their total sales from 2009 to 2011 as 110,794 units. Its been a rough season for Tata Motors much-publicized peoples car, the Nano. In November, while overall auto sales in Indias booming economy rose more than 22%, Tata sold only 509 Nanos, down precipitously from the 9,000 it sold the previous July, news thats been trumpeted in disparaging headlines from New York to Sydney. However, later it could drive the attention of the middle class, and it is reflective in the 2012 report where the sales of two fiscal years reveal 70,000 units. It is noteworthy to mention that India is the worlds second largest manufacturer of motorcycles, with annual sales excelling 8.5 million by 2009, and hence the vision of Tata to provide affordable cars which can replace the motorcycles, also symbolises that India up rises in terms of affordable luxury items. In conjunction with the cost leadership, it is noteworthy to mention that Tata Nano adopted Blue Ocean Strategy, in which the market space remains uncontested. Moreover, the competition to this product is also found to be irrelevant as they capture the new market demand by offering a leap value with streamlining of the cost. Expectations could not have been more public for what the Sydney Morning Heralds Amrit Dhillon referred to as the pop star of the car world. On the other hand, similar leadership is considered to be difficult by other companies, as bringing technology innovation at the minimal price will be difficult for other automobile companies. However, despite these advantages, there are certain disadvantages which the company has to suffer after the launch of the product. The production of small car Tata Nano was announced to be produced in Singur in West Bengal in 2006 by Tata Motors, which proved to be a failure due to land controversy, which in turn leads to shifting of production plan as well as a delay in production of its first 100,000 cars for more than 18 months. Moreover, due to the change in factory location led to delay in project which ultimately resulted in decrease in production volume. On the other, large initial demand required the company to build the car at scale from the outset, which proved publicly problematic when the company ran into problems purchasing land for a new factory in West Bengal. Moreover, the prime target of Tata Nano are the price-sensitive customers, who choose the product because of less price. Thus, there is always a chance of lower customer loyalty, as the company has its nearest competitor Maruti 800. Tata Nano has a reputation of cost leader, which ultimately made a reputation of low quality. Instead of the usual pair, it has only one windscreen wiper and it has no fuel filler cap, excluded power steering and power brakes and no airbags. Now in the present day, to equip the car with more luxurious and necessary features, the company has added to the cost, which eventually dissatisfied the price sensitive customers. He went on to detail how in the late 1990s he bought a used Maruti 800 for about Rs 1,05,000 (about $2,250). The car had features the base Nano lacks like a cassette player and air conditioning. He sold it in 2001 for Rs. 95,000 (or about $2,000). Importantly, soon after sales, the technical difficulties and servicing problem related issues also arises within one year, that makes the customer unsatisfied. On the other hand, the rivalry companies offered genuine price with cost differentiation in terms of managing quality along with price, such as H800 from Hyundai, Maruti Cervo prices within 1.6 to 2 lacs offer potential threat to the Tata Nano. According to a report by Akhtar et al. (2013), the customer survey suggested that Nano remains in-between competition with motorcycles, whereas products from rivalry companies are comparatively expensive, but offer valuable services and product longevity, because of which Tata Nanos share in market goes down. Overall, the cost leadership dictate only offering of affordable car, which fails to maintain the quality consideration and thus reduced its attractiveness in front of younger generation having more buying power and desiring for quality aspects. Thus, Nano does not seems to be a c ar to have attracted its targeted market, and even they felt the car lack certain necessary features. The prime features in the car like power steering, air-conditioning and electric windows are not in the car for the customers, which made the customers to think twice before purchasing. A cheap car thats not really cheap. A safe car whose safety has been questioned. A poor peoples car that poor people arent buying. That sounds like a failure, certainly. Assess the industry attractiveness to a new player who is interested in this segment. Porter 5 forces, discuss what are the other factors you need to consider when entering into a new industry. Rivalry with Existing Competitors According to the case given, the new product should hold minimum cost as that of established companies. In the present case, the new player interested in the similar segment of the low-cost car (automobile), Tata Nano and having the cost leaders advantage. Rivals such as Maruti Alto, Maruti 800, and Hyundai i10 are on the same price level, targeting the same group of customers. These rivalry companies have lower significance with regard to cost leadership, these companies have a better advantage in terms of cost differentiation as their prices range from 1.6 to 2 lacs which are comparatively higher, but they have a better advantage in terms of quality aspect. Most of the customers prefer qualitative advantage with a minimum increase in price, which prevents regular servicing of the car. Thus, there is extremely high risk and threat from the rivalry and existing companies, which as a result might decrease market attractiveness. Then it turned out that the car doesnt really sell for 1 lakh. In fact, the New York Times reports, a fully equipped Nano sells for only about $800 less than the Suzuki Alto, which has a bigger engine, more storage space and a longer track record than the Nano. That last factor is particularly important in the wake of dramatic accounts of some Nanos bursting into flames, an unfortunate irony for a car touted as a safe. Bargaining power of the buyers - The newer market can also take advantage of global stratification by affiliating with Third World countries for outsourcing of parts, obtaining skilful labours, which later can be assembled for selling in Indian market. With such provision, it would be easier to reduce the unit price. Providing the product with minimum price and streamlined features leave the customers with less bargaining power and there is moderate risk which consequently increases market attractiveness. Bargaining power of Suppliers - The new product should source all its parts as reasonable cheap price, which would lessen the chance of vendors to use their power. Importantly, the quality aspect of these products must be retained that can manifest the quality aspect as well as the cost consideration for their products. As the company includes only 20 companies for supply of its majority of components and most of them are sourced locally, lowers the bargaining power of these suppliers. This as a result decreases unit cost and also threat of suppliers and increases market attractiveness. Notably, the provision of global stratification for selection of suppliers is applicable in this regard as well. But low price and lower quality is not necessarily quite the same as low cost, no frills. Threat of potential entrants - The new product can resist the entrance of new products by becoming cost competitive on a large scale, and the new entrants will take time for moving down the learning curve. Ford, Hyundai, and Renault Nissan are planning to release car at $7600, $3700, and $3000 respectively. Maruti 800 is already established in the market. Therefore, there is threat from potential entrants into market and chance of reduction in market attractiveness. Price at around 5000, the car was certainly not ultra-cheap, but it was certainly competitive. Product substitutes - Being the cost leader, the product should make investments for creating alternatives. It should purchase patents (for disruptive technology) developed by potential substitutes by lowering the price to maintain value position. However product substitute like motor-cycle has less threat to this product, as with a minor increase in price the rising population of Indian middle class customer can afford a car, which increases the market attractiveness of the product. Nor, it seems, is the car popular with its original target market. Nano customers are not upgrading from motorscooters, Dhillon reports; theyre people looking for a fun, trendy second car for running errands. It is worth mentioning that for the successful marketing and sales in the industry, the new product should adopt the strategies as similar to that of Tata Nano. Basing on the cost leadership strategy, the product should become the low-cost producer in the industry. While succeed in providing the lowest price with simultaneously achieving the profit and high return on investment, the product should also be able to operate at the lower cost than the competitors. Within the value chain framework, access the core competencies held by Tata Nano and how this supported its competitive advantage. The primary activities involved in the value chain framework depicts the core competencies of Tata Nano, as dictated in the below mentioned points: Inbound logistics - It holds the long-term contract with the service providers related to agents, suppliers, contractors and transporters. Having more than 300 distribution centres all over the country, it uses the logistics more effectively than its rivals Maruti-Suzuki, Ford and Mahindra and Mahindra. For the smooth logistic operation, there are personnel at each regional office with effective storage and retrieval of goods. Thus, its innovative process of price adjustment, production, distribution strategy, and marketing makes it different from other competitive companies. But really its not. Its par for the course for almost every breakthrough innovation. Theres nothing unusual about a company having to adjust the price, the production process, the marketing, or even the market of a breakthrough offering. Operations - It includes strategic alliances related to the capital equipment manufacturing division and apprentice trainee course for effective operation and production management of Tata Motors. The company spent years for perfecting the craft of the car with the help of efficient engineers and ultimately made entry into the market with less publicity business have greater effect. Outbound logistics - Tata Nano is operated in different locations all over the country, which includes Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Gujarat. It holds long term contract with the transporters for ensuring the competitive price. It might not have been easy, but had Tata piloted the Nano quietly, on a small scale, perhaps through a limited production run in a small city like Durgapur in West Bengal or Ranchi in Jharkand, its engineering, pricing, financing, and marketing might have been adjusted far from the limelight to suit the needs of an optimal target customer Marketing and sales - According to the market demand and QFDs conducted at regular durations, Tata Nano clearly identified the product requirements, which ultimately led to innovation in the product. It provided breakthrough facilities like test drives, pre-booking, distributed manufacturing and new commercials. For marketing purposes it invested small amount equally on all the three printing invention approaches related to e-books, billboards and radio-paper products. A far more common path to success is the one forged by E Ink, which early on envisioned several potential applications of its printing invention- billboards, radio-paper products, and e-books. Notably, there also exists robust support activities involved in the value chain framework depicts the core competencies of Tata Nano, which include following elements, such as: Technology Development- Tata Motors uses approximately 2% of its total yearly profit for the research and development process with the help of 2000 skilful engineers. It uses the widespread prototype building and testing facilities for the production process. For emphasising the technology, The Nano is a 5- door 4-seat car with a rear mounted 624cc engine. Human resources - The company increased its total workforce to approximately 23000 at the Jaguar Land Rover and recruited the highest of ever intake of more than 330 graduate trainees. From an employee engagement survey, it was found that its employee satisfaction rate increased to 65%. The Tata Nano is different. The diversified Indian conglomerate Tata is best known as the worlds leading tea company, but it has bought Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford in the recent past. Firm Infrastructure the company has well equipped firm infrastructure for production and warehousing purpose. Large product portfolio, best in class building prototype and SAP technology is used in the firm infrastructure. The Nanos price changes, the new maintenance contract Tata is rolling out to assure buyers of quality, the test drives its introducing, the new smaller showrooms, and the new commercials all widely discussed in the press should not really be news.

Daughter acrobat Review Essay Example

Daughter acrobat Review Paper Essay on Daughter acrobat Daughter and son fantasy acrobat Back in the 19th century, Anatole France said, the best of the books the ones that give the most food for thought, and at the same time on a variety of topics. So, I carry a book Jostein Gaarder Daughter acrobat to the best. The day for which I read it, I would call a day in another world. I actually lived with the characters in this book, and it was very difficult to break away from these pages that attracted me with him to the gates of another world the world of fantasy. It is with these pages I have gained a new friend Petter, anyway Spider, the main character of this book. In life, he goes with fantasy hand in hand. She pursues him or is it? But the destiny prepared for Petter such surprises and stories are similar to those which he supplied the writing fraternity. He chose this path. It was he who was ordained him. Because he is not like everyone else. He Spider. He snared his web of the whole world, and finally himself in it, and confused. Happiness was very close. Yes, ordinary human happiness a beautiful wife, baby daughter. But this happiness was not for him, not for the spider. He chose a different path or the path chosen him ? This is the way a lot of obstacles and errors. Way of the S pider. He proved this web enmeshed with the most dear to him people. Authority of Her Majesty Fantasy drove it to a standstill. One can only hope for a miracle. We will write a custom essay sample on Daughter acrobat Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Daughter acrobat Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Daughter acrobat Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He was two steps away from happiness, but they have not met he was destined to a different fate. Unusual craft, the unusual love two loves, one unfortunate friend. And love for fantasy, which, in my opinion, he has blocked the way to happiness. But it is not for us to judge Spider he has lived an interesting life, His life, which is not similar to the lives of millions of others. He did not know what to leave eight to work, smacking his wife goodbye, that is to come home to a hot meal, princess-daughter. But he knows a lot of other things that are alien to us. The book was a very unusual and fascinating. It really gives a lot to think about where it is, happiness, whether it is the same for everyone? The fact that the means of your life for someone fantasy it is life itself. And in the end, these concepts are confused and are woven into one unit, which is already impossible to disentangle. This is my vision of this book it would be interesting to know your opinion

How to Live Every Day Like Youre on Vacation

How to Live Every Day Like Youre on Vacation Vacation Mind â€Å"We’re on vacation!† my father would shout, whenever he made a choice to spend money on a normally extravagant purchase. Whether or not we were actually on vacation, his pronouncement would signify that financial caution was being thrown to the wind in service of whimsy and pure fun. Doors opened wide and anything seemed possible in those moments. I inherited my father’s sense of vacation-induced freedom. On a recent trip to Portland, I watched myself not only making unusual purchases, but also engaging in activities that I might not otherwise entertain. I got up early my first day to go hiking by myself in the rain. I bought food from food carts. I drove 2 hours to spend one night at Breitenbush Hot Springs. I bought a chocolate blackberry tart at a famous bakery. I chased sunsets. Although I also kept up with my work schedule, my mindset was definitely one of being on vacation. Beginner’s Mind When I returned home to Madison, I kept my sense of adventure with me. While I certainly won’t do this every day, I bought a treat from a well-known bakery a few blocks from my house that I had never before patronized. I tried out a restaurant I’ve been wanting to go to for many months, and that I have passed by literally hundreds of times in the last 7 years. It’s like I came back home with a â€Å"beginner’s mind,† ready to discover the new in the familiar of my life. Wherever You Go One of the items welcoming me home was a children’s book by Pat Zietlow Miller, Wherever You Go. The story, wondrously illustrated by Eliza Wheeler, is replete with metaphor as it examines the comings and goings of roads. Literal roads, like the roads we follow in life, can take us pretty much anywhere, allowing us to explore and connect in adventurous ways. They allow us to take a vacation from the routines we fall into in our daily lives. And then, for those of us lucky to have one, roads take us home. I find myself wondering: Why should coming back to â€Å"where the heart is,† mean we no longer take opportunities to zig and zag? To cross bridges, climb mountains, and chase clouds? Yet this is often how we experience home. Adventures at Home As I was showing pictures of my Portland trip to some of my yoga friends, while quietly drinking tea at my favorite studio in Madison, they marveled at the beautiful sunsets I had captured on my smartphone. They were oohing and aahing over the last sunset image when I pointed out the caption: â€Å"Sunset over Lake Mendota.† That picture was from before my trip. Lake Mendota is right here where I started, in Madison, Wisconsin. To be sure, I don’t have to go far to create life adventures. And the next time I see the colors of the sunset brimming, I will gleefully shout â€Å"I’m on vacation!† and go chase after them.

Tort coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort coursework - Essay Example Bloke can pursue damages against Ruff Ltd., Right. Ltd and Shoddy Plc under the Compensation Act 2006 since it permits joint liability when asbestos exposure can be attributed to two or more defendants.1 The test for determining whether or not a duty of care exist was first established by the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson. In this case Lord Atkin introduced the neighbour principle which is the accepted test used for ascertaining whether or not a duty of care is owed and to whom. According to this principle a duty of care exists in the sense that an individual is required to take all necessary precautions to prevent injury to one’s neighbour. ‘Who then in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called to question’.2 Over the years the neighbour principle has become the cornerstone for all cases involving tortuous claims. In the leading case of Caparo Industries v Dickman the neighbour principle was elaborated on. It was held that in order to ascertain whether of not a duty of care existed there must be proximity of relationship between the parties. First and foremost, however, the resulting harm must have been foreseeable. Moreover, the imposition of a duty of care in the circumstances must be fair, just and equitable.3 In a later case it was held that the criteria set forth in Caparo Industries v Dickman was applicable and relevant in all subsequent cases.4 As to whether or not it is fair or just to impose a duty of care Lord Diplock addressed the issue in Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd v Home Office. He simply said that ‘the choice is exercised by making a policy decision whether or not a duty of care ought to exist.’5 In this case a successful claim was made against the Home Office in respect of Prison Officers when juvenile delinquents

Southwark Cathedral Millennium Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Southwark Cathedral Millennium Project - Essay Example The history of the Southwark Cathedral Millennium Project goes back as far as 1930 when it was first initiated. The main objective of this project was to create an environment that would be good enough to meet the emerging needs of not only the congregation, but also the visitors and staff. The financial support for this project came mainly from the Millennium Commission. The plans for the project included the construction of a new library building, refectory and shop. The exhibition space was also expected to be expanded under the Southwark Cathedral Millennium Project (Millennium Commission, 2010). As part of the project, the old buildings were also supposed to be upgraded and the surrounding environment which was degrading at the time was expected to be improved. In 1997, London-based architects, Elizabeth Banks Associates, were given the responsibility of redesigning the cathedral grounds with the help and recommendation of Richard Griffiths Associates, who were the lead architect of the establishment. The upgrading and improvements were finally completed in 2001 (Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, 2011). The result was a recast churchyard and an improved access for the disabled. There were also new improved garden spaces and a public square which is found on the northern side of the cathedral. New refectory building and visitor centres were also added as part of the project. The project cost a total of 10,682,738 pounds and it was seen as part of the wider scheme of regenerating the south bank of the River Thames (Millennium Commission, 2010). Figure one below shows the Southwark Cathedral. Fig 1: Southwark Cathedral Courtesy of Anglican Mainstram OGC Gateway Review Model This project review will follow the OGC Gateway R eview Model, which is designed to confirm whether or not the expected benefits of a project have been achieved and operations are running smoothly. This review model is based on six main aspects. These are: review of operating phase, business case and benefits management, plans for ongoing improvements in value for money, plans for ongoing improvements in performance and innovation, review of organizational learning and maturity targets and readiness for the future (Office of Government Commerce, 2010). In 1997, Elizabeth Banks Associates (EBA) was given the task of working on the Southwark project after a recommendation by the official architects of the Cathedral, Richard Griffiths Architects. The other project team members included: Max Fordham Associates who were in charge of the services, Alan Baxter Associates as the structural engineers, Citex were the project managers, Bucknall Austin were the quantity surveyors while the Pre-construction Archaeology provided Archaeological s urveying services. Sutton Vane Associates were in charge of lighting throughout the project duration. Their main

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty Powerlessness is a cause and effect of poverty because people living in absolute poverty often have no political power and is subjected to exploitation by the state. They lack protection, and report widespread corruption within state education and health care systems. Poor people in many countries speak of being kept waiting endlessly while the rich of the country go to the head of the queue. Situations like these create more problems for that already in absolute poverty, and continue to divide the rich from the poor without providing any help. The problem with a lack of voice and power as a cause of poverty is that it enforces a lack of voice and power as an effect of poverty, creating a continuous cycle that deliberately separates the poor of a country from the rich. The last major cause and effect of poverty is vulnerability. Natural disasters, economic crises, and conflict leave the poor very vulnerable, with nobody to help and a lack of resources to use to help themselves. This idea is best expressed through the story of a poor villager from Benin, in the World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Three years ago was a very bad year. The flood washed away all our crops, and there was a lot of hunger around here, to the point that many people actually died of hunger. They must have been at least a dozen, mostly children and old people. Nobody could help them. Their relatives in the village had no food either; nobody had enough food for his own children, let alone the food for the children of his brother or cousin. And few had a richer relative somewhere else who could help. This is a perfect example of the vulnerability that is both a cause and effect of poverty. The relatively poor can become the poorest through disasters, both eco nomic and natural, and conflict, which causes more vulnerability that affects their ability to escape poverty. Poverty and conflict are often closely linked. In many developing countries there are huge contrasts in access to power and control of resources, leading to a sense of powerlessness within the poor of the country. This unfair distribution of wealth, power and often land creates conflict, as those with the advantage battle the disadvantaged in order to maintain their advantages. In El Salvador, during the 1980s, Oxfam worked to alleviate poverty and suffering intensified by years of armed conflict. The roots of this conflict lay in the unequal distribution of power, wealth and resources. Poverty causes, and is effected by, many different other global issues. A set of international development goals were created by the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, to address inequities in income, education, access to health care and the inequalities between men and women. In 2000 these goals were updated and the United Nations Millennium Declaration committed all countries to doing everything possible to eradicate poverty, promote human dignity and equality, and achieve peace, environmental sustainability, and democracy. At this time approximately 1.2 billion people were living on less than $1 (U.S) a day, with an additional 1.6 billion living on less that $2 (U.S) a day. The goal to reduce poverty was seen as an essential part of the way forward. It is crucial to understand why this is seen as a fundamental step and to do this one should look into some of the arguments aga inst helping the poor that philosophers and political theorists pose. The basic lifeboat ethics argument against helping the poor, argued by Garrett Hardin, states that the world is like a lifeboat. In a lifeboat there is a limit to how many people can be carried, and there is no fair way to choose from among those who need to come aboard. Therefore the only fair alternative is to let everyone who needs to come aboard drown. What Hardin is getting at is that we, the developed world, can not save every person, and therefore how can we fairly choose those that we do save and those that we do not. He argues that it would be much fairer to let everyone in absolute poverty die. Other arguments against helping the poor include Friedrich von Hayeks Game of Catalaxy. Hayeks theory stems from a liberal laissez-faire view of the global economy. He believed that the global market should characterized by a spontaneous order that happens when individuals pursue their own ends within a framework set by law and tradition. Hayek goes on to argue that his Game of Catalaxy is a game of skill and all players within the global market are different and therefore not all can win. The winners, he believed, won because they took certain chances and therefore deserved to win, while the losers deserved to lose. Therefore, according to Hayek, countries that have problems with absolute poverty have played the Game of Catalaxy and lost, and deserve to lose. Theoretically these countries will continue to play the game and if they take certain chances they may eventually win. This theory may work but meanwhile the problem of absolute poverty is affecting the rest of the world and therefore we cannot ignore it, or let the Game of Catalaxy sort it out. As Ambassador Jams head Marker, the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, says, We are all now in the same lifeboat. The continued health of the North [developed, rich countries] depends on the survival and sustainable development of the South [less developed, poorer countries]. Beyond this argument is a belief that food is a basic human right. If hunger is a cause and effect of poverty and food is a basic human right, then theoretically every country should be doing everything within their power to reduce poverty and create a well-nourished world. This argument is reflected in the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations believes that food is a basic human right. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration is the only human rights declaration with universal in its name, and most countries have agreed on it. It can therefore be argued as a legitimate international agreement on the rights of all human beings. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Therefore, since the declaration is argued to be a legitimate international agreement on the rights of humans, it can be argued that food, along with other basic necessities, are basic human rights. The orthodox approach to development is the view held by many international regimes like the World Bank and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The basic concepts behind it are the ideas that the free-market system can create unlimited economic growth, that the Western liberal model and knowledge are superior to anything else, and the belief that the process of free-markets would benefit everyone. Theoretically economies would slowly take-off because of the free-market and from there on the wealth would work its way down to the people actually living in absolute poverty. To do this there would be a production of surplus, with individuals selling their lab our for money, as opposed to producing to meet their family and community needs. This orthodox method is known as the top-down liberal method and relies on external expert knowledge, technology, an expansion of privatization, and large capital investments. As already stated, the orthodox approach is based almost entirely on a monetary and material concept of poverty. In 2000: A Better World For All, the World Bank, United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that it is possible to cut poverty rates in half by 2015 if countries follow policies that both reduce social and gender inequalities and, most importantly, create income-earning opportunities for the poor. This is the key for, and a perfect example of, the orthodox approach to development. The UNDP Human Development Report 2003 states that there are six basic policies that should be implemented in order to help the countries reduce poverty. Firstly countries should invest early and ambitiously in basic education and health while fostering gender equality. These are preconditions to sustained economic growth. Second, countries should increase the productivity of small farmers in unfavorable environments [environments where hunger and famine are a problem]. Thirdly countries should improve basic infrastructu resto reduce the costs of doing business and overcome geographic barriers. The last three policies involve developing an industrial development policy, working on promoting democracy, and ensuring environmental sustainability. The World Bank concurs with these ideas, as does the World Trade Organization who state that poor people within a country generally gain from trade liberalization. The orthodox approach to development, portrayed by international regimes including the World Trade Organization, World Bank and United Nations involves liberalizing trade and creating empowerment in order to create faster economic growth, which in turn helps to alleviate poverty. This approach is both valid and sound, and has been proven to work in some countries, although not as quickly as the international regimes would like. As this approach is the dominant view, it is seen as more likely to work. However a number of development theorists have discovered problems within this dominant view. The idea that the free market can end hunger, if governments just get out of the way, is seen by some theorists as a myth. These theorists believe that the free-market-is-good/ government-is-bad view is far too simplistic and can never help address poverty and hunger. The top-down approach is seen as unlikely to work in most situations due to corrupt governments who will not let the wealth trickle down to those actually living in poverty. The theory of comparative advantage holds that nations should produce and export those goods and services in which they hold a comparative advantage and import those items that other nations could produce at a lower cost. The problem with this theory, which is also promoted by the World Bank, UN and IMF as a method for alleviating and reducing poverty, is that it falls apart when applied to the real world. Many countries living in absolute poverty can produce large amounts of coffee at a low cost to themselves, however since there are many producing, the price of coffee on the global market is forced downwards and these countries are producing more coffee for less money. These are just two examples of the kind of problems that make the orthodox method for development less viable. The alternative approach to development is argued by many NGOs like World Vision and the World Development Movement. The core concepts of this approach are the ideas that humans should learn to be self-reliant, that nature, cultural diversity and community-controlled commons (water, air, land, and forest) should be valued, and that democratic participation will help to reduce poverty. This approach relies on participation at the community level, working with local knowledge and technology to create a bottom-up approach to community development. It is a grassroots approach, focusing on helping individuals and communities become self-reliant. This approach is often argued by dependency theorists who believe that the structure of the global political economy essentially enslaves the less developed countries by making them dependent on the capitalist, liberal nations. The alternative approach to development is therefore seen by dependency theorists as one of the only ways to develop less developed countries. Much of the anti-globalist campaign is directed at organizations like the World Bank and IMF because their policies encourage less developed countries to become dependent on foreign aid and investment which continues the poverty and hunger within the less developed countries. Although the alternative approach to development also seems sound and viable, it lacks monetary value and places too much emphasis on the power of communities to change governments. Neither approach is perfect in its methods for the alleviation and reduction of poverty. I believe it is a combination of the orthodox and alternative approaches that really has the ability to help reduce poverty in todays world. The orthodox approach focuses too narrowly on money and capital, while the alternative approach believe too heavily in the power of communities to affect change at a national level. I therefore believe that international regimes, like the World Bank and United Nations, should attempt to affect changes at the state level, working to create democratic governments. Non-Governmental Organizations should continue to work at the grass roots level, affecting changes for the individuals and communities while helping them to become self-reliant. This approach is not without problems and cannot be called easy, but I believe it deals with both the individuals and the state at the levels needed and could help to halve the number of people living in poverty by 2015. Ther e are no perfect answers for development. Poverty is a complex issue. The key is that we do not ignore those living in poverty but help, in whatever way we believe is best. We are obliged to try our hardest to make circumstances better for them. http://www.vuwcu.orconhosting.net.nz/warp/poverty.htm

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Final Examination

University of Waterloo Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering E&CE 231 Final Examination – Spring 2000 Aids: Formula Sheets (attached), Scientific Calculator Time Allowed: 3 hours Exam Type: Closed Book Instructor: C. R. Selvakumar Date: August 10, 2000 Max Marks: 100 Instructions: Answer all questions in PART-A and any two questions in full from PART-B. State your assumptions clearly. Be concise, precise and clear in your answers General assumptions to be made when not specified in a question: (a) Assume that the semiconductor is Silicon. (b) Assume that the temperature T = 300K c) Use the data given in the formula sheets where needed. (d) Use the following expressions for the Effective Density of States in the Conduction Band (NC) and in the Valence Band (NV) respectively: 3 2 3 3 3 ? m ? ? T ? 2 ? 3 N C = 2. 5 ? 1019 ? ? cm ? m 0 ? ? 300 ? * n ? m* ? 2 ? T ? 2 p ?3 19 N V = 2. 5 ? 10 ? ? m ? ? 300? cm ? ? 0? PART -A 1a) Consider a Silicon p+-n diode with the foll owing doping densities: NA = 1019 cm-3 and ND is 1016 cm-3. The diode has an area of 100  µm by 20  µm. (i) Without doing any calculations, sketch the capacitance versus reverse voltage (VR) starting from VR = 0. (4 marks) (ii)Calculate the voltage at which you will obtain the minimum capacitance and also determine (calculate) the minimum capacitance at that voltage. (10 marks) (iii) Derive the mathematical relations you use in calculating the quantities in (ii) above. (16 marks) 1b) Assuming that the p+ region and the n-region of the diode described in 1a) above are ‘long’ compared to the minority carrier diffusion lengths in those regions, show how you would obtain the complete Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristic of the diode. You can assume that there is no recombination in the space-charge layer and you need not solve the continuity equation.Sketch the electron and hole current distributions in the entire device. (10 marks) Page 1 PART B 2a) Draw a clearly labe lled band diagram of an n-p-n transistor under thermal equilibrium and superimpose on it a band diagram of the same transistor when it is under normal forward active mode of operations. (8 marks) 2b) Derive an expression for the common emitter current gain $ ($ = IC/IB), in terms of the doping densities in the different regions, thickness and carrier diffusivities and diffusion lengths. Assume that there is no recombination in the neutral base or in the space-charge layers.Also, assume that the conventional reverse saturation current of the reverse-biased diode, IC0, is negligible. Assume that short-region approximation is valid in the base and that the bandgap narrowing in the emitter is important. No need to solve continuity equations and you can assume the expected carrier distributions. (12 marks) 2c) Obtain the modified Ebers-Moll (EM) equations from the original EM equations given in the formula sheet. Sketch Common-Base output characteristics based on the modified EM equation s and show the Forward Active Region of operation, Saturation Region and Cut-off Region. 10 marks) 3a) A silicon n-p-n transistor has an emitter doping NDE = 1020 cm-3 and a base doping NAB = 1016 cm-3. The emitter is 1  µm thick and assume that the hole diffusion length in the emitter is 0. 1 :m. The base is 0. 35 :m thick and you can use the values of mobilities and lifetimes given in the tables in the formula sheet to determine the electron diffusion length in the base. Verify that the short-region approximation is applicable to the base. Assume that the carrier recombinations in the neutral base an in the emitter-base depletion layer are zero. When this transistor is operating in the normal forward active mode with 0. volts forward bias across the emitter-base junction and a 2 volt reverse bias across the collector-base junction, what is the collector current density (JC) and the base current density (JB) ? You can assume that the depletion layer thicknesses are negligible at both junctions. Assume that bandgap narrowing for the emitter doping is 100 meV and the room temperature is 300K. (15 marks) 3b) What is the emitter efficiency of the transistor in 3a)? (5 marks) 3c) What do you understand by diffusion capacitance of a diode? Show (derive) that the diffusion capacitance of a p+ – n diode is approximately given by C Diffusion ?Qp Vt where Qp is the total injected minority hole charge on the n-side quasi-neutral=region and Vt is the thermal voltage (kT/q). Prove that the quantity Q p ? qAL p pn 0 e V Vt (10 marks) Page 2 4a) Consider an n-channel MOSFET and explain how the MOSFET operates using key band diagrams (along source, channel and drain and vertically along the metal gate, oxide and the channel region) and cross-sectional diagrams. State clearly wherefrom the channel electrons come and explain how this is controlled by the gate voltage. (10 marks) 4b) With reference to an n-p-n transistor, explain what is Early Effect and how it arises. Using an approximate sketch show the Early Voltage. Clearly illustrate your answer with the aid of carrier profiles and common-emitter output characteristics. (10 marks) 4c) Contrast the Temperature-dependence of Avalanche Breakdown Mechanism and Zener breakdown Mechanism. Illustrate your answer with sketches of Reverse bias I-V characteristics giving physical reasons. (10 marks) Page 3 E&CE 231 1/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar E&CE 231 Formula Sheet 3 1 4? *2 g c (E) = 3 (2m n ) ( E ? E C )) 2 ; (E ? E c ) h 3 1 4? *2 2 g V (E) = 3 2m p ( E V ? E)) ; (E ? E V ) h 1 f FD (E) = (E-E F )/kT 1+ e p 0 = N V e (E V ? E F )/kT = n i e (Ei ?E F )/kT () n 0 p0 = n 2 i 3/2 ? 2? m* kT ? p N V = 2? ? 2 ? ? ?h ?  µn = q? c,n m* n and  µ p = q? c,p m* p ? max = ? qN A x p0 ? 0? r qN + x n0 D = ?0? r 1/2 x n0 ? 2? r ? 0 V0 ? NA =? ? q N D (N A + N D ) ? ? ? 2? r ? 0 V0 ? ND =? ? q N A (N A + N D ) ? ? 1/2 3/2 ? p 0 + N + = n0 + N A D + ? ?2 ? N D ? NA N + ? NA ? D ? + n2 ? + n0 = i 2 2 ? ? ? ? + ? N D x n0 = N A x p0 x p0 n 0 = N C e (E F ? EC )/ kT = n i e (E F ? E i )/kT ? 2? m* kT ? n N C = 2? ? 2 ?h ? ? kT ? n no p po ? kT ? N + N A ? D V0 = ln? ?= ln? ? q ? n2 ? q ? n2 ? i i p( x n0 ) = pn e qV / kT and ? pn = pn ( e qV / kT ? 1) 1/2 for n ? type , where ? c,n and ? ,p are mean time between collisions ? = qmn n + qm p p and r = 1/s dn ? dp ? ? ? J n = q? n µn ? + Dn ? ; J p = q ? p µ p ? ? D p ? ? ? dx ? dx ? D p Dn kT = = = 0. 0259 V at 300K  µ p  µn q n( ? x p0 ) = n p e qV / kT and ? n p = n p (e qV / kT ? 1) ? p( x n ) = ? pn e or ? p( x n ) = ? pn ( 0) e ? x p / Ln or ? n( x p ) = ? n p ( 0) e ?n( x p ) = ? n p e ? xn / L p ? x p / Ln ? Dn ? Dp ? I = qA? n p0 + p n0 ? (e qV/ kT ? 1) ? Lp ? Ln ? ? ? qN ? C j = A? Si d ? ? 2(V0 ? V ) ? 1/ 2 for p + ? n diffusion capacitance: C s = q 2 AL p kT p n0 e qV/kT for p + ? n n ? type regions of width, W: long base diode approx: I p = qAD p ? pn ( 0 )Lp short base diode approx: I p = qAD p ?p 1 dJ p ?n 1 dJ n =? + G ? Rp; = ? + G ? Rn ?t q dx ?t q dx Wm = L p = D p ? p and Ln = Dn ? n VT = d 2V d? ? ? 2= = where ? = q ( p ? n + N d ? N a ) dx ? 0 ? r dx dV 1 dE c 1 dE v 1 dE t ?= ? = = = dx q dx q dx q dx ? xn / L p 2? Si ( 2? F ) qN a for VG > Vth ? pn ( 0 ) W ? Si = ? 0 ? r ? Qd Qi + 2? F + ? ms ? , Ci Ci Q d = Q B = ? qN a x dm ,x dm = Wm ? Ci = Cox = 0 ox = i t ox d 1 2? ? Z? ? I D =  µ n Ci ? ? ? (VG ? VT )V D ? VD ? ? L? ? 2 ?  µ n Ci ? Z ? 2 I DSat = ? ? (V ? VT ) V Dsat = VG ? VT 2 ? L? G E&CE 231 2/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar Eber-Moll Model (n-p-n transistor)I EBO (e VBE / Vt ? 1) â€Å"RIC I CBO (e VBC /Vt ? 1) â€Å"FIE ? VBE ? ? VBC ? I E = ? I ES ? e Vt ? 1? + ? R I CS ? e Vt ? 1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VBE ? ? VBC ? Vt ?e ? + I CS ? e Vt ? 1? I C = ? R I ES ? ? 1? ? ? ? ? ? ? E&CE 231 3/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar Mobilities in Silicon N = doping density (cm ? 3 )  µ (N) =  µ min + Carrier type  µ0 N 1+ N ref :min :0 cm2 / (v. s) Nref cm-3 electron 88 1 251. 8 1. 26 x 1017 hole 54. 3 406. 97 2. 35 x 1017 Doping density Mobilities Lifetimes (J) as function of doping density N :n :p 1 1 = + cA N2 ? ? SRH 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1322. 3 1218. 2 777. 3 262. 1 114. 1 91. 5 457. 96 437. 87 330. 87 43. 23 68. 77 56. 28 cm 2 v. sec cm 2 v. sec cm ? 3 Doping density N cm-3 Lifetime J sec For both electrons and holes 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 9. 8 x 10-6 8. 3 x 10-6 3. 3 x 10-6 4. 5 x 10-7 3. 3 x 10-8 8. 3 x 10-10 Obtained using the above formula for lifetime using: JSRH = 10-5/(1 + 5 x 1016/N) and CA = 10-31 cm6s-1 E&CE 231 4/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar Properties of Silicon and Gallium Arsenide PROPERTY Si GaAs atoms or molecules/ cm3 5. 0 x 1022 4. 42 x 1022 atomic or molecular weight 28. 08 144. 63 density g/cm3 2. 33 5. 32 breakdown field V/cm 3 x 105 4 x 105 dielectric constant, gr 11. 8 13. 1 effective density of tates: Nc cm-3 Nv cm-3 Physical Constants ?1. 38Ãâ€"10 ? 23 J / K ? k ? ?8. 62Ãâ€"10 ? 5 eV / K ? ? 31 m0 9. 11Ãâ€"10 kg ?0 8. 85Ãâ€"10 ? 14 ? r (Si) 2. 8 x 1019 1. 04 x 1019 4. 7 x 1017 7. 0 x 1018 11. 8 ? r (SiO 2 ) 3. 9 h electron affinity, eV 4. 05 6. 62Ãâ€"10 c 3Ãâ€"10 q 1. 6Ãâ€"10 4. 07 energy gap, eV 1. 12 1. 43 intrinsic carrier conc. , ni cm-3 at T = 300K 1. 5 x 1010 1. 8 x 106 effective mass electrons holes m*n = 1. 1 m0 m*p = 0. 56 m0 m*n = 0. 067 m0 m*p = 0. 48 m0 intrinsic mobility @ 300K electrons cm2/Vs holes cm2/Vs 1350 480 8500 400 diffusivity @300K: electrons cm2/s holes cm2/s 35 12. 5 220 10 F / cm 10 ? 34 J ? s cm / s ? 19 C