Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty

Powerlessness: Cause And Effect Of Poverty Powerlessness is a cause and effect of poverty because people living in absolute poverty often have no political power and is subjected to exploitation by the state. They lack protection, and report widespread corruption within state education and health care systems. Poor people in many countries speak of being kept waiting endlessly while the rich of the country go to the head of the queue. Situations like these create more problems for that already in absolute poverty, and continue to divide the rich from the poor without providing any help. The problem with a lack of voice and power as a cause of poverty is that it enforces a lack of voice and power as an effect of poverty, creating a continuous cycle that deliberately separates the poor of a country from the rich. The last major cause and effect of poverty is vulnerability. Natural disasters, economic crises, and conflict leave the poor very vulnerable, with nobody to help and a lack of resources to use to help themselves. This idea is best expressed through the story of a poor villager from Benin, in the World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Three years ago was a very bad year. The flood washed away all our crops, and there was a lot of hunger around here, to the point that many people actually died of hunger. They must have been at least a dozen, mostly children and old people. Nobody could help them. Their relatives in the village had no food either; nobody had enough food for his own children, let alone the food for the children of his brother or cousin. And few had a richer relative somewhere else who could help. This is a perfect example of the vulnerability that is both a cause and effect of poverty. The relatively poor can become the poorest through disasters, both eco nomic and natural, and conflict, which causes more vulnerability that affects their ability to escape poverty. Poverty and conflict are often closely linked. In many developing countries there are huge contrasts in access to power and control of resources, leading to a sense of powerlessness within the poor of the country. This unfair distribution of wealth, power and often land creates conflict, as those with the advantage battle the disadvantaged in order to maintain their advantages. In El Salvador, during the 1980s, Oxfam worked to alleviate poverty and suffering intensified by years of armed conflict. The roots of this conflict lay in the unequal distribution of power, wealth and resources. Poverty causes, and is effected by, many different other global issues. A set of international development goals were created by the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank, to address inequities in income, education, access to health care and the inequalities between men and women. In 2000 these goals were updated and the United Nations Millennium Declaration committed all countries to doing everything possible to eradicate poverty, promote human dignity and equality, and achieve peace, environmental sustainability, and democracy. At this time approximately 1.2 billion people were living on less than $1 (U.S) a day, with an additional 1.6 billion living on less that $2 (U.S) a day. The goal to reduce poverty was seen as an essential part of the way forward. It is crucial to understand why this is seen as a fundamental step and to do this one should look into some of the arguments aga inst helping the poor that philosophers and political theorists pose. The basic lifeboat ethics argument against helping the poor, argued by Garrett Hardin, states that the world is like a lifeboat. In a lifeboat there is a limit to how many people can be carried, and there is no fair way to choose from among those who need to come aboard. Therefore the only fair alternative is to let everyone who needs to come aboard drown. What Hardin is getting at is that we, the developed world, can not save every person, and therefore how can we fairly choose those that we do save and those that we do not. He argues that it would be much fairer to let everyone in absolute poverty die. Other arguments against helping the poor include Friedrich von Hayeks Game of Catalaxy. Hayeks theory stems from a liberal laissez-faire view of the global economy. He believed that the global market should characterized by a spontaneous order that happens when individuals pursue their own ends within a framework set by law and tradition. Hayek goes on to argue that his Game of Catalaxy is a game of skill and all players within the global market are different and therefore not all can win. The winners, he believed, won because they took certain chances and therefore deserved to win, while the losers deserved to lose. Therefore, according to Hayek, countries that have problems with absolute poverty have played the Game of Catalaxy and lost, and deserve to lose. Theoretically these countries will continue to play the game and if they take certain chances they may eventually win. This theory may work but meanwhile the problem of absolute poverty is affecting the rest of the world and therefore we cannot ignore it, or let the Game of Catalaxy sort it out. As Ambassador Jams head Marker, the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations, says, We are all now in the same lifeboat. The continued health of the North [developed, rich countries] depends on the survival and sustainable development of the South [less developed, poorer countries]. Beyond this argument is a belief that food is a basic human right. If hunger is a cause and effect of poverty and food is a basic human right, then theoretically every country should be doing everything within their power to reduce poverty and create a well-nourished world. This argument is reflected in the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations believes that food is a basic human right. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration is the only human rights declaration with universal in its name, and most countries have agreed on it. It can therefore be argued as a legitimate international agreement on the rights of all human beings. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Therefore, since the declaration is argued to be a legitimate international agreement on the rights of humans, it can be argued that food, along with other basic necessities, are basic human rights. The orthodox approach to development is the view held by many international regimes like the World Bank and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The basic concepts behind it are the ideas that the free-market system can create unlimited economic growth, that the Western liberal model and knowledge are superior to anything else, and the belief that the process of free-markets would benefit everyone. Theoretically economies would slowly take-off because of the free-market and from there on the wealth would work its way down to the people actually living in absolute poverty. To do this there would be a production of surplus, with individuals selling their lab our for money, as opposed to producing to meet their family and community needs. This orthodox method is known as the top-down liberal method and relies on external expert knowledge, technology, an expansion of privatization, and large capital investments. As already stated, the orthodox approach is based almost entirely on a monetary and material concept of poverty. In 2000: A Better World For All, the World Bank, United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that it is possible to cut poverty rates in half by 2015 if countries follow policies that both reduce social and gender inequalities and, most importantly, create income-earning opportunities for the poor. This is the key for, and a perfect example of, the orthodox approach to development. The UNDP Human Development Report 2003 states that there are six basic policies that should be implemented in order to help the countries reduce poverty. Firstly countries should invest early and ambitiously in basic education and health while fostering gender equality. These are preconditions to sustained economic growth. Second, countries should increase the productivity of small farmers in unfavorable environments [environments where hunger and famine are a problem]. Thirdly countries should improve basic infrastructu resto reduce the costs of doing business and overcome geographic barriers. The last three policies involve developing an industrial development policy, working on promoting democracy, and ensuring environmental sustainability. The World Bank concurs with these ideas, as does the World Trade Organization who state that poor people within a country generally gain from trade liberalization. The orthodox approach to development, portrayed by international regimes including the World Trade Organization, World Bank and United Nations involves liberalizing trade and creating empowerment in order to create faster economic growth, which in turn helps to alleviate poverty. This approach is both valid and sound, and has been proven to work in some countries, although not as quickly as the international regimes would like. As this approach is the dominant view, it is seen as more likely to work. However a number of development theorists have discovered problems within this dominant view. The idea that the free market can end hunger, if governments just get out of the way, is seen by some theorists as a myth. These theorists believe that the free-market-is-good/ government-is-bad view is far too simplistic and can never help address poverty and hunger. The top-down approach is seen as unlikely to work in most situations due to corrupt governments who will not let the wealth trickle down to those actually living in poverty. The theory of comparative advantage holds that nations should produce and export those goods and services in which they hold a comparative advantage and import those items that other nations could produce at a lower cost. The problem with this theory, which is also promoted by the World Bank, UN and IMF as a method for alleviating and reducing poverty, is that it falls apart when applied to the real world. Many countries living in absolute poverty can produce large amounts of coffee at a low cost to themselves, however since there are many producing, the price of coffee on the global market is forced downwards and these countries are producing more coffee for less money. These are just two examples of the kind of problems that make the orthodox method for development less viable. The alternative approach to development is argued by many NGOs like World Vision and the World Development Movement. The core concepts of this approach are the ideas that humans should learn to be self-reliant, that nature, cultural diversity and community-controlled commons (water, air, land, and forest) should be valued, and that democratic participation will help to reduce poverty. This approach relies on participation at the community level, working with local knowledge and technology to create a bottom-up approach to community development. It is a grassroots approach, focusing on helping individuals and communities become self-reliant. This approach is often argued by dependency theorists who believe that the structure of the global political economy essentially enslaves the less developed countries by making them dependent on the capitalist, liberal nations. The alternative approach to development is therefore seen by dependency theorists as one of the only ways to develop less developed countries. Much of the anti-globalist campaign is directed at organizations like the World Bank and IMF because their policies encourage less developed countries to become dependent on foreign aid and investment which continues the poverty and hunger within the less developed countries. Although the alternative approach to development also seems sound and viable, it lacks monetary value and places too much emphasis on the power of communities to change governments. Neither approach is perfect in its methods for the alleviation and reduction of poverty. I believe it is a combination of the orthodox and alternative approaches that really has the ability to help reduce poverty in todays world. The orthodox approach focuses too narrowly on money and capital, while the alternative approach believe too heavily in the power of communities to affect change at a national level. I therefore believe that international regimes, like the World Bank and United Nations, should attempt to affect changes at the state level, working to create democratic governments. Non-Governmental Organizations should continue to work at the grass roots level, affecting changes for the individuals and communities while helping them to become self-reliant. This approach is not without problems and cannot be called easy, but I believe it deals with both the individuals and the state at the levels needed and could help to halve the number of people living in poverty by 2015. Ther e are no perfect answers for development. Poverty is a complex issue. The key is that we do not ignore those living in poverty but help, in whatever way we believe is best. We are obliged to try our hardest to make circumstances better for them. http://www.vuwcu.orconhosting.net.nz/warp/poverty.htm

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Final Examination

University of Waterloo Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering E&CE 231 Final Examination – Spring 2000 Aids: Formula Sheets (attached), Scientific Calculator Time Allowed: 3 hours Exam Type: Closed Book Instructor: C. R. Selvakumar Date: August 10, 2000 Max Marks: 100 Instructions: Answer all questions in PART-A and any two questions in full from PART-B. State your assumptions clearly. Be concise, precise and clear in your answers General assumptions to be made when not specified in a question: (a) Assume that the semiconductor is Silicon. (b) Assume that the temperature T = 300K c) Use the data given in the formula sheets where needed. (d) Use the following expressions for the Effective Density of States in the Conduction Band (NC) and in the Valence Band (NV) respectively: 3 2 3 3 3 ? m ? ? T ? 2 ? 3 N C = 2. 5 ? 1019 ? ? cm ? m 0 ? ? 300 ? * n ? m* ? 2 ? T ? 2 p ?3 19 N V = 2. 5 ? 10 ? ? m ? ? 300? cm ? ? 0? PART -A 1a) Consider a Silicon p+-n diode with the foll owing doping densities: NA = 1019 cm-3 and ND is 1016 cm-3. The diode has an area of 100  µm by 20  µm. (i) Without doing any calculations, sketch the capacitance versus reverse voltage (VR) starting from VR = 0. (4 marks) (ii)Calculate the voltage at which you will obtain the minimum capacitance and also determine (calculate) the minimum capacitance at that voltage. (10 marks) (iii) Derive the mathematical relations you use in calculating the quantities in (ii) above. (16 marks) 1b) Assuming that the p+ region and the n-region of the diode described in 1a) above are ‘long’ compared to the minority carrier diffusion lengths in those regions, show how you would obtain the complete Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristic of the diode. You can assume that there is no recombination in the space-charge layer and you need not solve the continuity equation.Sketch the electron and hole current distributions in the entire device. (10 marks) Page 1 PART B 2a) Draw a clearly labe lled band diagram of an n-p-n transistor under thermal equilibrium and superimpose on it a band diagram of the same transistor when it is under normal forward active mode of operations. (8 marks) 2b) Derive an expression for the common emitter current gain $ ($ = IC/IB), in terms of the doping densities in the different regions, thickness and carrier diffusivities and diffusion lengths. Assume that there is no recombination in the neutral base or in the space-charge layers.Also, assume that the conventional reverse saturation current of the reverse-biased diode, IC0, is negligible. Assume that short-region approximation is valid in the base and that the bandgap narrowing in the emitter is important. No need to solve continuity equations and you can assume the expected carrier distributions. (12 marks) 2c) Obtain the modified Ebers-Moll (EM) equations from the original EM equations given in the formula sheet. Sketch Common-Base output characteristics based on the modified EM equation s and show the Forward Active Region of operation, Saturation Region and Cut-off Region. 10 marks) 3a) A silicon n-p-n transistor has an emitter doping NDE = 1020 cm-3 and a base doping NAB = 1016 cm-3. The emitter is 1  µm thick and assume that the hole diffusion length in the emitter is 0. 1 :m. The base is 0. 35 :m thick and you can use the values of mobilities and lifetimes given in the tables in the formula sheet to determine the electron diffusion length in the base. Verify that the short-region approximation is applicable to the base. Assume that the carrier recombinations in the neutral base an in the emitter-base depletion layer are zero. When this transistor is operating in the normal forward active mode with 0. volts forward bias across the emitter-base junction and a 2 volt reverse bias across the collector-base junction, what is the collector current density (JC) and the base current density (JB) ? You can assume that the depletion layer thicknesses are negligible at both junctions. Assume that bandgap narrowing for the emitter doping is 100 meV and the room temperature is 300K. (15 marks) 3b) What is the emitter efficiency of the transistor in 3a)? (5 marks) 3c) What do you understand by diffusion capacitance of a diode? Show (derive) that the diffusion capacitance of a p+ – n diode is approximately given by C Diffusion ?Qp Vt where Qp is the total injected minority hole charge on the n-side quasi-neutral=region and Vt is the thermal voltage (kT/q). Prove that the quantity Q p ? qAL p pn 0 e V Vt (10 marks) Page 2 4a) Consider an n-channel MOSFET and explain how the MOSFET operates using key band diagrams (along source, channel and drain and vertically along the metal gate, oxide and the channel region) and cross-sectional diagrams. State clearly wherefrom the channel electrons come and explain how this is controlled by the gate voltage. (10 marks) 4b) With reference to an n-p-n transistor, explain what is Early Effect and how it arises. Using an approximate sketch show the Early Voltage. Clearly illustrate your answer with the aid of carrier profiles and common-emitter output characteristics. (10 marks) 4c) Contrast the Temperature-dependence of Avalanche Breakdown Mechanism and Zener breakdown Mechanism. Illustrate your answer with sketches of Reverse bias I-V characteristics giving physical reasons. (10 marks) Page 3 E&CE 231 1/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar E&CE 231 Formula Sheet 3 1 4? *2 g c (E) = 3 (2m n ) ( E ? E C )) 2 ; (E ? E c ) h 3 1 4? *2 2 g V (E) = 3 2m p ( E V ? E)) ; (E ? E V ) h 1 f FD (E) = (E-E F )/kT 1+ e p 0 = N V e (E V ? E F )/kT = n i e (Ei ?E F )/kT () n 0 p0 = n 2 i 3/2 ? 2? m* kT ? p N V = 2? ? 2 ? ? ?h ?  µn = q? c,n m* n and  µ p = q? c,p m* p ? max = ? qN A x p0 ? 0? r qN + x n0 D = ?0? r 1/2 x n0 ? 2? r ? 0 V0 ? NA =? ? q N D (N A + N D ) ? ? ? 2? r ? 0 V0 ? ND =? ? q N A (N A + N D ) ? ? 1/2 3/2 ? p 0 + N + = n0 + N A D + ? ?2 ? N D ? NA N + ? NA ? D ? + n2 ? + n0 = i 2 2 ? ? ? ? + ? N D x n0 = N A x p0 x p0 n 0 = N C e (E F ? EC )/ kT = n i e (E F ? E i )/kT ? 2? m* kT ? n N C = 2? ? 2 ?h ? ? kT ? n no p po ? kT ? N + N A ? D V0 = ln? ?= ln? ? q ? n2 ? q ? n2 ? i i p( x n0 ) = pn e qV / kT and ? pn = pn ( e qV / kT ? 1) 1/2 for n ? type , where ? c,n and ? ,p are mean time between collisions ? = qmn n + qm p p and r = 1/s dn ? dp ? ? ? J n = q? n µn ? + Dn ? ; J p = q ? p µ p ? ? D p ? ? ? dx ? dx ? D p Dn kT = = = 0. 0259 V at 300K  µ p  µn q n( ? x p0 ) = n p e qV / kT and ? n p = n p (e qV / kT ? 1) ? p( x n ) = ? pn e or ? p( x n ) = ? pn ( 0) e ? x p / Ln or ? n( x p ) = ? n p ( 0) e ?n( x p ) = ? n p e ? xn / L p ? x p / Ln ? Dn ? Dp ? I = qA? n p0 + p n0 ? (e qV/ kT ? 1) ? Lp ? Ln ? ? ? qN ? C j = A? Si d ? ? 2(V0 ? V ) ? 1/ 2 for p + ? n diffusion capacitance: C s = q 2 AL p kT p n0 e qV/kT for p + ? n n ? type regions of width, W: long base diode approx: I p = qAD p ? pn ( 0 )Lp short base diode approx: I p = qAD p ?p 1 dJ p ?n 1 dJ n =? + G ? Rp; = ? + G ? Rn ?t q dx ?t q dx Wm = L p = D p ? p and Ln = Dn ? n VT = d 2V d? ? ? 2= = where ? = q ( p ? n + N d ? N a ) dx ? 0 ? r dx dV 1 dE c 1 dE v 1 dE t ?= ? = = = dx q dx q dx q dx ? xn / L p 2? Si ( 2? F ) qN a for VG > Vth ? pn ( 0 ) W ? Si = ? 0 ? r ? Qd Qi + 2? F + ? ms ? , Ci Ci Q d = Q B = ? qN a x dm ,x dm = Wm ? Ci = Cox = 0 ox = i t ox d 1 2? ? Z? ? I D =  µ n Ci ? ? ? (VG ? VT )V D ? VD ? ? L? ? 2 ?  µ n Ci ? Z ? 2 I DSat = ? ? (V ? VT ) V Dsat = VG ? VT 2 ? L? G E&CE 231 2/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar Eber-Moll Model (n-p-n transistor)I EBO (e VBE / Vt ? 1) â€Å"RIC I CBO (e VBC /Vt ? 1) â€Å"FIE ? VBE ? ? VBC ? I E = ? I ES ? e Vt ? 1? + ? R I CS ? e Vt ? 1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VBE ? ? VBC ? Vt ?e ? + I CS ? e Vt ? 1? I C = ? R I ES ? ? 1? ? ? ? ? ? ? E&CE 231 3/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar Mobilities in Silicon N = doping density (cm ? 3 )  µ (N) =  µ min + Carrier type  µ0 N 1+ N ref :min :0 cm2 / (v. s) Nref cm-3 electron 88 1 251. 8 1. 26 x 1017 hole 54. 3 406. 97 2. 35 x 1017 Doping density Mobilities Lifetimes (J) as function of doping density N :n :p 1 1 = + cA N2 ? ? SRH 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1322. 3 1218. 2 777. 3 262. 1 114. 1 91. 5 457. 96 437. 87 330. 87 43. 23 68. 77 56. 28 cm 2 v. sec cm 2 v. sec cm ? 3 Doping density N cm-3 Lifetime J sec For both electrons and holes 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 9. 8 x 10-6 8. 3 x 10-6 3. 3 x 10-6 4. 5 x 10-7 3. 3 x 10-8 8. 3 x 10-10 Obtained using the above formula for lifetime using: JSRH = 10-5/(1 + 5 x 1016/N) and CA = 10-31 cm6s-1 E&CE 231 4/4 Formula Sheet C. R. Selvakumar Properties of Silicon and Gallium Arsenide PROPERTY Si GaAs atoms or molecules/ cm3 5. 0 x 1022 4. 42 x 1022 atomic or molecular weight 28. 08 144. 63 density g/cm3 2. 33 5. 32 breakdown field V/cm 3 x 105 4 x 105 dielectric constant, gr 11. 8 13. 1 effective density of tates: Nc cm-3 Nv cm-3 Physical Constants ?1. 38Ãâ€"10 ? 23 J / K ? k ? ?8. 62Ãâ€"10 ? 5 eV / K ? ? 31 m0 9. 11Ãâ€"10 kg ?0 8. 85Ãâ€"10 ? 14 ? r (Si) 2. 8 x 1019 1. 04 x 1019 4. 7 x 1017 7. 0 x 1018 11. 8 ? r (SiO 2 ) 3. 9 h electron affinity, eV 4. 05 6. 62Ãâ€"10 c 3Ãâ€"10 q 1. 6Ãâ€"10 4. 07 energy gap, eV 1. 12 1. 43 intrinsic carrier conc. , ni cm-3 at T = 300K 1. 5 x 1010 1. 8 x 106 effective mass electrons holes m*n = 1. 1 m0 m*p = 0. 56 m0 m*n = 0. 067 m0 m*p = 0. 48 m0 intrinsic mobility @ 300K electrons cm2/Vs holes cm2/Vs 1350 480 8500 400 diffusivity @300K: electrons cm2/s holes cm2/s 35 12. 5 220 10 F / cm 10 ? 34 J ? s cm / s ? 19 C

Economics of the movie business Essay

Most of the movies that are eventually released are cofinanced. This is a term that is used within the movie industry to describe those films for which there are more than one firm that share both the cost of production as well as the revenues. Nearly one-third of all the movies that are released are cofinanced. Various studies have shown that the main reason for cofinancing is to manage and share risk. Most of the major studios are in the category of publicly traded firms where the investors are free to carry out their own diversification decisions. Not always is the cofinancing decision related to the movie returns as the studios rarely cofinance highly risky films1. Demand is difficult to predict and thus financial risk remains to be a characteristic of the film industry since most of the cost is incurred long before the demand can be actualized. It’s thus the reason that most of the authors in this field have argued that the key variable that shapes the industry is the financing strategy adopted. Mainly, there are three ways in which cofinancing would reduce risk associated with the movie production. First, the cofinancing of the relatively risky films by the studios would give them the opportunity to participate in the less risky projects. Second, cofinancing would allow studios to fine tune their portfolios thus gaining the advantage of covariances of the gains across the movies. The third advantage of cofinancing is the simple law of large numbers to share a potential loss . Data collection The data to be used here in this paper is the information provided forth in Goettler, R. L and Leslie, P. (2004) where information on over 3,826 movies was exhibited in the US between 1987 to 2000. The primary source of the data was the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The analysis focused mainly on ownership choices of the major studios. Out of the 3,826 movies examined, 1,305 were produced by the major studios. The analysis here focuses on ownership choices that have been made by the major studios. Movie profitability has been based on the return on investment, RIO, which is defined as the revenue divided by the cost. Revenue in this case was measured as the North America box office revenue and cost was obtained from the production budget. Film’s negative cost, which is the standard measure of production cost was also used. Other cost such as advertising are in most cases proportional to the cost of production and were thus not evaluated in this kind of study. Thus the ROI evaluated here was basically the relative profitability of the films but not the absolute profitability. Also the measure of revenues in this study excluded some revenues such as foreign box and video revenue. It would be ideal to use all the revenue sources but the approach would have limited the number of films in the analysis as most of this kind of data is only available only to a subset of films. At the same time limiting the analysis only to the films with this kind of extra data may introduce selection bias as most of this data maybe limited to the successful films only1. Identification of cofinanced films The listing of a production company is the first sign that there are cofinancing partners but this is not a sufficient condition. The most important criteria is to know if a firm contributes towards the production cost. Its worth to note that a firm can be credited for having contributed into the production company of a film after initiating then selling the project to a major studio even without retaining revenue shares. This kind of arrangement referred to as â€Å"first-look deal† is common between a semi-independent production company and a studio in a long-term relationship. The criteria used here in determining if a film is cofinanced is that first if a major studio is on the list of the production company for a certain film, then the assumption is that the studio has some ownership stake in the film. Second, Variety magazine was a source of those firms with the first-look deals from the â€Å"Facts on Pacts† list and those that are equity partners. The assumption here was that a firm was a joint owner if it was on the production company list and also on the equity partner2. For those movie that an independent firm and a major studio cofinanced, the question of whether either of these two had the option of being sole-owner remains. In simple term, one may also question which among the two firms initiated the entire project? The available information suggest that the studio usually has the mandate to decide if it will co-own or just be a sole-owner. This kind of decision called â€Å"greenlighting† is usually made during decision point of whether to make the movie or not. Complications do arise like when two companies have the same subsidiary structure such as having the same parent company and at the same time end up owning the same movie. In such cases, it was assumed that the movie was not cofinanced since the production divisions happen to work as integrated components of the parent studio rather than as being competitors. Another point of ownership ignored was the cases where the directors or the star actors negotiate a part of the movie revenues. This was so because most of this happens as a result of the directors/actors strong bargaining power to have a share of the revenue once the movie is successful rather than a strong will to share and manage risk.

Essay on Wal-Mart Financial Analysis - 1677 Words

Corporate Finance: Wal-Mart Contents Corporate Finance: Wal-Mart 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Success at Delivering Value to the Shareholders in the Last 5 Years 2 2.1 Growth in Earnings 2 2.2 Growth in Dividend Declared 3 3. Valuation of Equity 4 3.1 Net Asset Value (NAV) 5 3.2 Price / Earnings Ratio 5 3.3 Discounted Free Cash Flow 7 4. Reconciliation of Differences 8 4.1 Benefits and Costs of Using Net Assets Value 9 4.2 Benefits and Costs of Using Price Earnings Ratio 9 4.3 Benefits and Costs of Using Discounted Free Cash Flow 9 5. Conclusion 9 1. Introduction The organization that I have chosen for the purpose of this corporate finance analysis is Wal-Mart. As is well known, Wal-Mart is the global market leader of†¦show more content†¦However the author emphasizes that the issue actually is the other way around that the shareholder value principle has not betrayed the management rather it is the management that has betrayed the principle. In basic, delivering value to the shareholders means that the organization has been able to grow the earnings, the dividends of the organization and the share price. Thus in analyzing the delivery of shareholder value by Wal-Mart these three elements will be focused upon. 2.1 Growth in Earnings In analyzing the growth in earnings of the shareholder, a simple but effective tool is the Earnings per share value. For Wal-Mart, this is given as under: 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 EPS 4.56 4.20 3.74 3.35 3.16 As can be seen from the value and trend of earningper of Share of Wal-Mart the value delivered to the shareholders has increased in the period 2008 to 2012. This means that the organization has been successful in creating more income every year and then delivering a larger portion of income to the shareholders. In 2008, the Earnings per Share were 3.16 dollars which increased to 4.56 in 2012. 2.2 Growth in Dividend Declared The following is the history of dividends declared and paid by Wal-Mart from 2008 to 2012. Date Dec-12 Aug-12 May-12 Mar-12 Dec-11 Aug-11 May-11 Mar-11 Dec-10 Aug-10 May-10 Aug-10 Amount 0.47Show MoreRelatedWal-Mart Financial Analysis1135 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in Roger, Arkansas. Wal-Mart has 4,100 stores and clubs in the U.S. and a total of 7,300 unit’s world wide. It employed about 2 million associate’s world wide and approximately 1.4 million in the United States. Wal-Marts average annual total revenue rate was slightly more than 10% for the three years from the fiscal year ending 2006 to the fiscal year ending 2008. They also had a stock split of 100 %; they saw this split 11 times duringRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Wal-Mart1321 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Analysis of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Introduction On July 2, 1962, Sam Walton opened the first Walmart discount store in Rogers, Arkansas. Walmart is in the discount store industry and its principal competitors are Kmart, Target, ShopKo, and Meijer. Walmart’s culture has been built on a common purpose: saving people money so they can live better. By 1967, Walton had opened 24 stores and had generated $12.7 in sales. The company was officially incorporated as Walmart Stores, Inc. in 1969Read MoreFinancial Analysis : Wal Mart1691 Words   |  7 Pagesand what they should strive for. With that being said, many of today’s most successful organizations utilize competing in analytics to conquer the market. To illustrate, companies such as Wal-Mart, the biggest retailer store, claims that it provides the lowest market prices for its goods. In doing so, Wal-Mart utilizes analytics to enhance it supply chain and inventory costs (2). This example shows the importance of outstanding analytics in saving costs and generating pro fit. 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Acc 2051545 Words   |  7 Pages Financial Analysis of Wal-Mart Kathleen Brown ACC 205 Principals of Accounting I Instructor Woods February 17, 2017 Company Overview Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is a company based in America and it was started in 1962. The company is in the retail industry and it operates grocery stores, discount stores, and hypermarkets. The company’s headquarters are located in Arkansas. According to the Fortune Global 500, Wal-Mart is categorized as the world’s leader in revenue. The company is also consideredRead MoreThe following report contains an analysis with an overview of Wal-Mart Inc. and it’s financial1800 Words   |  8 PagesThe following report contains an analysis with an overview of Wal-Mart Inc. and it’s financial statements. 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Although the corporation hasRead MoreWeek 5 Assignment Final Paper1735 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Wal-Mart Financial Analysis Report Michael Thomas ACC205: Principles of Accounting Instructor: Mark Stricklett November 10, 2014 Wal-Mart Financial Analysis Report In accounting there is much to be learned, about the financial aspects of a business. In the past five weeks I have learned the importance of financial reports and how they relate to the success of an establishment. These reports may include balance sheets and income statements,

Pacific Rim Countries and Economic Tigers

Many of the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean have helped to create an economic miracle that has become known as the Pacific Rim. In 1944 the geographer N.J. Spykman published a theory about the rim of Eurasia. He proposed that the control of the rimland, as he called it, would effectively allow control of the world. Now, more than fifty years later we can see that part of his theory holds true since the power of the Pacific Rim is quite extensive. The Pacific Rim includes countries bordering the Pacific Ocean from North and South America to Asia to Oceania. Most of these countries have experienced major economic change and growth to become components of an economically integrated trade region. Raw material and finished goods are shipped between Pacific Rim states for manufacture, packaging, and sale. The Pacific Rim continues to gain strength in the global economy. From the colonization of the Americas to just a few years ago, the Atlantic Ocean had been the leading ocean for the shipment of goods and material. Since the early 1990s, the value of goods crossing the Pacific Ocean has been greater than the value of goods crossing the Atlantic. Los Angeles is the American leader in the Pacific Rim as its the source for the most trans-Pacific flights and ocean-based shipments. Additionally, the value of United States imports from Pacific Rim countries is greater than the imports from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) member in Europe. Economic Tigers Four of the Pacific Rim territories have been called Economic Tigers due to their aggressive economies. They have included South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong has been absorbed as the Chinese territory of Xianggang, it is likely that its status as a tiger will change. The four Economic Tigers have even challenged Japans dominance of the Asian economy. South Koreas prosperity and industrial development are related to their production of items from electronics and clothing to automobiles. The country is about three times larger than Taiwan and has been losing its historical agricultural base to industries. South Koreans are quite busy; their average workweek is about 50 hours, one of the worlds longest. Taiwan, which is not recognized by the United Nations, is a tiger with its major industries and entrepreneurial initiative. China claims the island and the mainland and island are technically at war. If the future includes a merger, hopefully, it will be a peaceful one. The island is about 14,000 square miles and has a focus on its north coast, centered on the capital city of Taipei. Their economy is the twentieth largest in the world. Singapore started its road to success as an entrepot, or free port for transshipment of goods, for the Malay Peninsula. The island city-state became independent in 1965. With tight governmental control and an excellent location, Singapore has effectively utilized its limited land area (240 square miles) to become a world leader in industrialization. Hong Kong became part of China on July 1, 1997, after being the territory of the United Kingdom for 99 years. The celebration of the merger of one of the worlds outstanding examples of capitalism with a major communist nation was watched by the entire world. Since the transition, Hong Kong, which had one of the highest GNPs per capita in the world, continues to maintain their official languages of English and the Cantonese dialect. The dollar continues to be in use but it no longer bears the portrait of Queen Elizabeth. A provisional legislature has been installed in Hong Kong and they have imposed limits on opposition activities and have reduced the proportion of the population eligible to vote. Hopefully, additional change wont be too significant for the people. China is attempting to foray into the Pacific Rim with Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Areas which have special incentives for international investors. These areas are scattered along Chinas coast and now Hong Kong is one of these zones which also includes Chinas largest city, Shanghai. APEC The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization is composed of 18 Pacific Rim countries. They are responsible for the production of about 80% of the worlds computer and high tech components. The countries of the organization, which has a small administrative headquarters,  include Brunei,  Canada,  Chile,  China,  Indonesia,  Japan, Malaysia,  Mexico,  New Zealand, Papua New Guinea,  Philippines, Singapore,  South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the  United States. APEC was formed in 1989 to promote free trade and economic integration of the member nations. The heads of state of the member nations met in 1993 and in 1996 while trade officials have annual meetings. From Chile to Canada and Korea to Australia, the Pacific Rim is definitely a region to watch as barriers between the countries are loosened and population grows not only in Asia but also along the Pacific coast of the Americas. The interdependency is likely to increase but can all of the countries win?

The Globalization of Culture Cultural Homogenization

Cultural individuality and distinctiveness is the pride of every nation. All communities rejoice in the richness and exoticness of their own cultural symbols, be it dressing, architecture, language or way-of-life. With the dawn of globalization, however, cultural variety and distinguishing characteristics are vanishing; giving rise to a monoculture common to all. While this may be a harbinger of unity and relatedness among all people of the world, it also damages the unique cultural identities they once took pride in. This paper discusses the effects of globalization on culture, along with its positive and negative effects. Since the effects of globalization on culture are non-exhaustive, it is attempted to incorporate a few of the most†¦show more content†¦Even now, most nations have adopted westernization as a means of remaining on the global circuit. As Suzuki points out in his study on Japan and China, Japan has tried to conform to the so called â€Å"standard of civili zation† so that it can be accepted in the western international society, whereas China has only selectively adopted some western elements to gain strength for the protection of its own culture against western impact (as cited in Buzan, 2010, p. 8). B. Syncretist Model In contrast to the one-way cultural exchange proposed by the Vanguardist model, the Syncretist model holds that cultural exchanges occur among all civilizations, because of which, cultures not only evolve internally, but also as a result of â€Å"encounters† with other cultures (Buzan, 2010, p. 10). For instance, Islam spread from the Middle East to Asia and Africa and Buddhism spread from India to East Asia. Moreover, as implied by Hobson, Europe imbibed the â€Å"technologies and commercial innovations† from China, Arabia and India, referred to as â€Å"oriental globalization† by Hobson (as cited in Buzan, 2010, p. 13). III. Effects of Globalization on Culture As is evident from the preceding discussion, globalization has greatly affected the culture of all nations worldwide. Some of these are discussed below: A. Effect on Habits Globalization has affected people’s habits in a multitude of ways. Be it eating, networking or entertainment. The same snacks and junk food are sharedShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : Positive And Negative Effects On Todays Society1582 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasingly growing at an all-time high and cultures are changing because of these changes, this has led to the world being more globalized. Globalization is the process of interaction amongst people, businesses, governments of different countries and nations, and is driven and or influenced by international trade and international business. Technology has been one of the largest contributing factors to the reason why the world is becoming more globalized. Globalization has both positive and negative effectsRead MoreGlobalization and Cultural Homogenization Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe rapid development of economic globalization and cultural globalization enhances cultural transaction between different countries. E ven though in this process culture between different countries still has its own characteristic on the whole, the cultural homogenization has been presented in social life, especially in the media industry. This essay will discuss the definition of globalization and cultural homogenization, and the popularity of Hollywood movies in China, the phenomenon of convergenceRead MoreGlobalization and Education1373 Words   |  6 PagesScientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)’s Bureau of Strategic Planning (2004) reported that globalization has not only contributed to the greater exchanges of ideas and awareness of the uniqueness of individual cultures and societies, but has highlighted the fundamental differences that result from these unique characteristics. There are many advantages for societies and cultures as they become increasingly interconnected (Heimonen, 2012) through the process of globalization. InterconnectednessRead MoreGlobalization : A Positive Light926 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing worries that globalization makes people lose their character. However, globalization`s dominance can be viewed in a positive light. This essay will explain why globalization will not put people in danger of becoming the same. It will then discuss that globalization helps different nations keep their traditional culture and stimulates economic growth in developing countries. Globalization shall be beneficial to every culture because people could show their cultural individuality and enjoyRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On The Global World1550 Words   |  7 Pagesglobalized society, commodities, ideologies, and hegemonic forces are constantly transferred from a dominating power onto other cultures with lesser global influence. The Disney media conglomerate yields an unprecedented amount of control over the means of media consumption on a global scale. As Souad Belkyr proposes in â€Å"Disney animation: Global diffusion and local appropriation of culture,† â€Å"Disney products function as an apparatus that potentially prescribe consumerist ideologies and individualistic ethicsRead MoreUnderstanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe1054 Words   |  5 Pagesacross the world. In their products, in their professional practices and cultures, in their systems of relationships with other political and social institutions, media systems across the world are becoming increasingly alike. Political systems, meanwile, are becoming increasingly similar in the patterns of communication they incorporate. We will explore this trend toward global homogenization of media systems and the public sphere, focusing particularly on the relations Read MoreGlobalization And The Threat Of Cultural Imperialism1133 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization has produced a new level of interconnectedness among us, for it is an interconnectedness that not only compels diversification, but also provides a shared experience into the worldview of the accompanying culture. While the power of globalization would be advantageous in stimulating sustainable economic growth; that same power produces an evolving set of consequences – some good and some bad. In order to understand the effects of globalization and the threat of cultural imperialismRead MoreGlobalisation Leads to the Homogenization of Cultures Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of economic globalization. As there is an inseparable relationship between economy and culture, the more the trend of economic globalization accelerates, the faster the trend of various culture globalization blends (Seitz, 1995, p. 27). Collisions between various cultures may have different consequences. Some scholars think that the long-term results of culture clash might lead to homogenization of cultures, which means people become the same as the dominant culture, such as sharing theRead MoreThe Cartoonist : A Cartoon From Gibbleguts.com1402 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who protest globalization. In the cartoon, a man is standing and holding a sign that declares, â€Å"STOP GLOBALIZATION NOW!† This man has arrows and words around him indicating where his material possessions were made; his glasses from Singapore, his shirt in China, his shoes in Indonesia, and so on. In addition to being dressed in an outfit that does not look like something that would be worn on a regular basis, the man is also being mocked for the stance he takes on globalization. He protests theRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1274 Words   |  6 Pagespeople alike, yet globalization is a vastly broad and unfamiliar concept to a majority of people. Personally, before enrolling in this class, I thought I knew what the general idea of globalization was, as rudimentary and elementary as my knowledge of the topic had been. However, after only exposing myself to a minuscule amount of cultural literature throughout the course of this class thus far, I have greatly expanded my understanding of what the true meaning of globalization is: a process that

Indication of Organizational Behavior

Question: Discuss that what organizational behavior indicates? Answer: Introduction: Organizational behavior indicates the interface between the organization and human behavior. Organizations are the social systems, and it is a combination of technology and humanity. Organizational behavior audit suggests business settings that facilitate the organization to achieve goals and objectives of the company. However, some of the business analysts have suggested that organizational behavior indicates a human tool for human benefits. In the modern age, a complex set of forces affects the nature of the organization in a particular method. Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (2013) have indicated that the organizational behaviors have four major areas including people, structure, technology, and the environment. Organization utilizes enhanced workforces for achieving the goals and objectives of the business. However, the organization follows a particular structure for accomplishing the objectives. Technological advancement facilitates organization to achieve the particular aims of th e business (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). Moreover, the external environment influences organizational behavior in an effective manner. Organizational behavior audit facilitates the business to uphold an enhanced work design at the workplace. Most of the time, organizational culture is responsible for the brand enhancement in the global platform. It can be assessed that the organizational behavior audit needs executed for experiencing the profitable outcome of the business. Organizational behavior has numerous beneficial aspects as it delivers job satisfaction to employees and facilitates to develop work-related behavior at the workplace. In this context, as an organizational behavior analyst, I will audit the organizational behavior of a company. Moreover, I will analyze the different parts of the organization for executing the organizational behavior audit in an effective manner. The researcher has also evaluated several factors influencing organizational behavior audit. With the involvement of the organization behavior audit, the firm will be able to enhance their workability that enables them in increasing the business opportunity in the global market. Discussion: Baldwin, Bommer and Rubin (2012) have discussed that Organization behavior is one of the major aspects for experiencing healthy business growth in the global platform. Organizational behavior audit needs to be conducted in the organization for maintaining a particular workflow design at the workplace. It facilitates the company to enhance the productivity of the business in an effective manner. On the other hand, Bolino et al. (2013) have identified that different organizational culture differentiates the business effectiveness of the organization. Through the engagement of conducting the organizational behavior, the company can understand the ultimate goal of the business. Borkowski (2015) has argued that organizational behavior can be contrasted with two components of the business including the human resource management and strategic management. The organizational behavior study facilitates the company to learn about the job performance. On the other hand, the human resource manage ment study highlights the enhanced training program, structure for promoting employee learning. DuBrin (2013) has suggested that strategic management indicates the industry characteristics and products choice, which affects the business profitability. Greenberg (2013) has argued that by conducting the organizational behavior audit, the particular company can understand the process of executing the business in an effective manner. Moreover, the organization behavior indicates the systematic study of the nature of the organization. Hogg and Terry (2014) have discussed that organizational behavior audit facilitates in understanding and predicting the control of human behavior in the organization. On the contrary, Jafari and Bidarian (2012) have argued that OB facilitates to investigate the impact of the groups, individuals and the structure of the organization. Organization behavior audit provides the adequate opportunity to the higher management of the company to understand the key development area in the organization. With the engagement of OB practice, the organization can achieve several beneficial aspects. OB delivers the job satisfaction of employees in the organization. Consequently, employees can develop their work-related be havior in the organization. On the contrary, March (2013) has argued that organizational behavior facilities in motivating climate in the organization. Moreover, the organization behavior contributes in building cordial industry relation. Industry relation is one of the major factors for the business enhancement. With the involvement of the effective business relation, an organization can obtain numerous business opportunities in the global market (March 2013). In recent days, it has been seen, most of the organization focuses on collaborating business with others based on effective industry relation. Miao et al. (2013) have argued that the organizational behavior audit often focuses on the human resource management. OB facilitates the organization to augment its human resource management in an effective manner. Human resource management indicates the most important part of the business, as it contributes company to maintain a certain workflow design at the workplace. Miner (2015) has argued that the organizational behavior is responsible for the enhancement of the productivity in the business. Through the engagement of the effective organizational behavior, the company can obtain a profitable outcome in the business. The organizational behavior audit facilitates the company to understand these major factors that play an important role in business augmentation on the global platform. Moore et al. (2012) have discussed that the organizational behavior not only provides high productivity but also contributes to enhancing the business effectiveness, efficiency, and the organizational citizenship. With the involvement of the organizational behavior audit, the organization can identify the key area for development. Moreover, it works effectively in diminishing the dysfunctional behavior at the workplace. These dysfunctional behaviors including absenteeism, employee retention, dissatisfaction, and tardiness affect the business, and it creates challenges for the organization to uphold a systematic workflow design at the workplace (Morgeson et al...2013). Organizational behavior audit facilitates in identifying the weakness in the business culture. With the development of the organizational behavior, employees can obtain several beneficial aspects including self-development, personality development, human values development, managing stress and achieving mental hygiene. On the other hand, Nahavandi et al. (2013) have discussed that the organizational behavior also contributes to create learning individual and learning organization. Moreover, employees can understand the creative utilization of the emotions along with managing creativity and emotion. Nelson and Quick (2012) have argued that the most beneficial aspect of conducting organizational behavior audit is that the employees obtain adequate motivation for executing the work in an effective manner. With the involvement of the organizational behavioral approach, the particular organization enhances the business opportunity in the global platform (Ostroff and Judge 2012). Consequently, it facilitates the organization to experience the profitable outcome from the business. By analyzing the outcome of the organizational behavior audit, it can be assessed that the organization enhances its workforce ability by employing effective OB in the business (Pinder 2014). In a recent business report, it has been published that employees obtain job satisfaction in the company due to effective behavioral approaches of the organization. With the involvement of the OB in the business, employees can get the opportunity to communicate effectively with the higher management of the business. Effective communication is one of the major components for obtaining healthy business growth in the global platform. Shafritz, Ott and Jang (2015) have argued that organizational behavior has major outcome including job performance and organizational commitment. Most of the employees have two main motives at the workplace such as perform the job properly and stay in the organization for a longer period. Likewise, most managers have two goals such as maximize the job performance of th e employees and retaining good performer in the organization (Van Dijke et al. 2012). Hence, the organizational behavior facilitates the employees and higher management of the company to understand their individual role in the business. On the other hand, Wagner and Hollenbeck (2014) have argued that the organizational behavior Audit is responsible for providing brief knowledge on the business mechanisms. The integrated model of the organizational behavior indicates that the organizational commitment facilitates employees to contribute enhanced performance in the business. Ostroff and Judge (2012) have argued that an effective business mechanism can be maintained in the organization through the implementation of organizational commitment. Hence, it can be assessed that organizational behavior audit is one of the important aspects of business enhancement in the global platform (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). Moreover, the effective OB audit facilitates organization to understand its bu siness mechanism in an effective manner. Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (2013) have discussed different areas of the organizational behavior. Organizational structure is one of the major areas of the organizational behavior. Different organizational structures differentiate the culture of the business. Most of the organization follows the hierarchy organizational structure for executing the business in an effective manner. With the involvement of such organizational structure, the organization can segregate works in the different department of the business. In this context, the organizational behavior audit must examine the organizational structure for identifying the flaws lies within the business. Baldwin, Bommer and Rubin (2012) have discussed that the complex organizational structure creates difficulties of the employees and higher management to execute their job role in an appropriate manner. Hierarchy organizational structure facilitates the organization to uphold a particular workflow design at the workplace. Bolino et al. (2013) have suggested that organizational behavior audit must investigate the different approaches of organizational behavior including inter-disciplinary approach, human resources or supportive approach, contingency approach, system approach and productivity approach. Among these approaches, human resource or supportive approach is an important aspect of the organizational behavior audit (Borkowski 2015). With the involvement of the effective human resource management, the organization can enhance their workforce in an efficient way. Human resource management plays two major roles including motivating employees for delivering enhanced performance and manages the employee retention policy. In recent years, most organizations have been focusing on the improvement of human resource management, as it is the major aspects of the business enhancement in the global platform (DuBrin 2013). On the other hand, a major area of the organizational behavior depends on the human reso urce management. Without having the proper human resource management system, organizations are unable to obtain success in the business. On the contrary, Hogg and Terry (2014) have argued that not only human resource management holds the high attention in organizational behavior audit but also the productivity approach needs to be investigated for obtaining profitable outcome of the business. Greenberg (2013) has discussed that the traditional concept of the productivity was concerned with the economic input and output only. However, in the modern age of business, human and social input and output are equally important for the enhancement of the productivity. Organizational behavior audit needs to investigate the business process management for identifying the key development areas. With the involvement of the effective organizational system, the company can enhance its productivity in an efficient manner. Jafari and Bidarian (2012) have discussed the system approach of the organiza tional behavior, as it plays an important role in upholding a working design at the workplace. There are so many variables in the system that is inter-related and interdependent. The organization must evaluate the impact of the particular system before implementing in the business. March (2013) has described the organization as a social system, and the management needs to understand the importance of social involvement of the business. The organization behavior audit must investigate the communication process in the business. However, organizational communication majorly depends on different leadership trait. In the participative leadership trait, the employees and staffs can easily communicate with the higher management of the company (Miao et al. 2013). Consequently, it enhances the business opportunity in an efficient way. It can be assessed that organizational behavior audit needs to execute in different areas of the organization including business communication, human resource management, organizational system and productivity. Organization behavior audit needs to focus on some factors of the each area of the business. For example, the organizational behavior audit focuses on the human resource management of the business. Hence, the external factors of the human resource management need to be investigated for obtaining enhanced business culture. Moore et al. (2012) have discussed the external factors affecting the human resource management. These factors are government regulations, economic conditions, technological advancement, and workforce demographics. The poor economic condition of the organization could create difficulties for the human resource management in executing the work process in an efficient way. Government legislation is another major factor that affects the HRM. Hence, these factors of human resource management need to be analyzed properly for experiencing the healthy business growth in the global platform. Miner (2015) has discussed that Organizational communication is another area that should be investigated in the organizational behavior audit. Several factors of the organizational communication need to be highlighted. Indirect communication often creates challenges for the employees to transmit a particular message or information to the higher management. Consequently, it affects the business growth. Moreover, in the difficult business situation, the employee could not be able to transmit valuable information due to the indirect communication process in the organization. Another factor of the organizational communication is that the different attitude towards hierarchy and authority of the business (Morgeson et al..2013). Different hierarchy structure includes different types of communication system. Straight hierarchy organizational structure allows employees to transmit business information to the higher-level management. However, the complex organizational hierarchy creates chall enges for employees and staffs to communicate with the management regarding their individual work issues. Nahavandi et al. (2013) have argued that conflicting norms for decision-making indicate another major challenge of organizational communication. In the modern age, organizations consider several aspects of the business for conducting the decision-making approaches. Sometimes, conflicting norms in decision-making process affect the business badly as the management is unable to consider a particular decision in the difficult situation. Nelson and Quick (2012) have indicated that some factors of organizational productivity need to be analyzed for enhancing the growth of the business in an efficient way. Organizations face several challenges in enhancing the productivity of the business. Resource accumulation is a major factor affecting the productivity of the business. Ostroff and Judge (2012) have discussed that without accumulating adequate business resources, the organization wo uld not be able to experience the profitable outcome. Business resources include workforces, organizations capital, enhanced organizational culture, and improved technology, etc. (Pinder 2014). In recent years, most organizations are struggling with the workforce management in the business. Consequently, it affects the productivity of the organization. Hence, it can be assessed that the organization behavior audit must consider these factors of different businesss areas. By investigating these factors of particular areas of organizational behavior, the company will be able to enhance the business opportunity in the global platform. Moreover, these factors influence the organization behavior in the firm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the organization behavior audit plays an important role in identifying the business mechanism of the company. With the involvement of the organization behavior audit, company enhances its workflow design in an effective manner. In this context, being an organizational behavior analyst, I have provided a detailed discussion on the organization behavior audit and its importance in the business. The new CEO of the local company may able to understand the key area for development in the business. The rationales for conducting the organizational behavior audit have been provided in a detailed manner. Moreover, the different areas of the organization including human resource management, organization communication, productivity and business structure have been highlighted in the particular study. The researcher provides different factors of each area of the business. Through the engagement of the organizational behavior study, an organization can understand the valu e of each part of the business. In this context, the new organization must focus on their human resource management for obtaining the profitable outcome of the business. On the other hand, the organization must review their organizational structure for experiencing the profitable outcome of the business. References: Altman, S., Valenzi, E. and Hodgetts, R.M., 2013.Organizational behavior: Theory and practice. Elsevier. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Baldwin, T.T., Bommer, W.H. and Rubin, R.S., 2012. Managing organizational behavior: What great managers know and do. Bolino, M.C., Klotz, A.C., Turnley, W.H. and Harvey, J., 2013. Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(4), pp.542-559. Borkowski, N., 2015.Organizational behavior, theory, and design in health care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Fisher, C.D. and To, M.L., 2012. Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7), pp.865-877. Greenberg, J. ed., 2013.Organizational behavior: The state of the science. Routledge. Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J. eds., 2014.Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Jafari, P. and Bidarian, S., 2012. The relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,47, pp.1815-1820. March, J.G., 2013.Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations)(Vol. 20). Routledge. Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J. and Xu, L., 2013. The relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior: Linear or curvilinear effects?.Journal of business ethics,116(3), pp.641-653. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Moore, C., Detert, J.R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V.L. and Mayer, D.M., 2012. Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.1-48. Morgeson, F.P., Aguinis, H., Waldman, D.A. and Siegel, D.S., 2013. Extending corporate social responsibility research to the human resource management and organizational behavior domains: A look to the future.Personnel Psychology,66(4), pp.805-824. Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R.B., Denhardt, J.V. and Aristigueta, M.P., 2013.Organizational behavior. SAGE Publications. Nelson, D. and Quick, J., 2012.Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you. Cengage Learning. Ostroff, C. and Judge, T.A. eds., 2012.Perspectives on organizational fit. Psychology Press. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Shafritz, J., Ott, J. and Jang, Y., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. van Dijke, M., De Cremer, D., Mayer, D.M. and Van Quaquebeke, N., 2012. When does procedural fairness promote organizational citizenship behavior? Integrating empowering leadership types in relational justice models.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,117(2), pp.235-248. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.